Barbara Streisand

Barbra Streisand (born Barbara Joan Streisand, April 24, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, filmmaker and actress. She has won two Academy Awards, eight Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, a Special Tony Award, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.

She is one of the most commercially and critically successful female entertainers in modern entertainment history and one of the best-selling solo recording artists with more than 71 million albums shipped in the United States and 140 million albums sold worldwide. She is the best selling female artist on the Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) Top Selling Artists list and the only female recording artist in the top ten. Along with Frank Sinatra, Cher, Jamie Foxx and Shirley Jones, she shares the distinction of being awarded an Oscar for a leading role and also recording on a #1 pop single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.

According to the RIAA, Streisand holds the record for the most Top 10 albums of any female recording artist; a total of 31 to her credit since 1963. Streisand also has the widest span (46 years) between first and latest Top 10 albums of any female recording artist. With her 2009 album, Love Is the Answer, she became the only artist to achieve number 1 albums in five consecutive decades. Her RIAA tally shows she has released 51 Gold albums, 30 Platinum albums, and 13 Multi-Platinum albums in the United States.

Streisand was born to a Jewish family, Emmanuel and Diana (née Rosen), on April 24, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the second of two children. Fifteen months later, Emmanuel died of a cerebral hemorrhage and the family went into near-poverty. She attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn. Soon Streisand became a nightclub singer while in her teens. She originally wanted to be an actress and appeared in summer stock and in a number of Off-Off-Broadway productions, including Driftwood (1959), with the then-unknown Joan Rivers. (In her autobiography, Rivers wrote that she played a lesbian with a crush on Barbra's character, but this was later refuted by the play's author.) Driftwood ran for only six weeks. When her boyfriend, Barry Dennen, helped her create a club act—first performed in The Lion, a gay bar in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in 1960—she achieved success as a singer. One early appearance outside of New York City was at Enrico Banducci’s hungry i nightclub in San Francisco. In 1961, Streisand appeared at the Town and Country nightclub in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, but her appearance was cut short; audiences did not understand her revolutionary singing style.

In 1962, after several appearances on PM East/PM West, Streisand first appeared on Broadway, in the small but star-making role of Miss Marmelstein in the musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale. Her first album, The Barbra Streisand Album, won two Grammy Awards in 1963. Following her success in I Can Get It for You Wholesale, Streisand made several appearances on The Tonight Show in 1962. Topics covered in her interviews with host Johnny Carson included the empire-waisted dresses that she bought wholesale, to her “crazy” reputation at Erasmus Hall High School, soon enough she got engaged.

Streisand has recorded 35 studio albums, almost all with the Columbia Records label. Her early works in the 1960s are considered classic renditions of theater and cabaret standards, including her slow version of the normally uptempo Happy Days Are Here Again. She performed this in a duet on The Judy Garland Show. Garland referred to her on the air as one of the last great belters. They also sang There's No Business Like Show Business with Ethel Merman joining them.

Beginning with My Name Is Barbra, her early albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials. Starting in 1969, she began attempting more contemporary material, but like many talented singers of the day, she found herself out of her element with rock. Her vocal talents prevailed, and she gained newfound success with the pop and ballad-oriented Richard Perry-produced album Stoney End in 1971. The title track, written by Laura Nyro, was a major hit for Streisand.

As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S.—only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums. In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced Guilty. The album contained the hits Woman In Love (which spent several weeks atop the pop charts in the Fall of 1980), Guilty, and What Kind of Fool.

After years of largely ignoring Broadway and traditional pop music in favor of more contemporary material, Streisand returned to her musical-theater roots with 1985's The Broadway Album, which was unexpectedly successful, holding the coveted #1 Billboard position for three straight weeks, and being certified quadruple Platinum. The album featured tunes by Rodgers & Hammerstein, George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, and Stephen Sondheim, who was persuaded to rework some of his songs especially for this recording. The Broadway Album was met with acclaim, including a nomination for Album of the Year and, ultimately, handed Streisand her eighth Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. After releasing the live album One Voice in 1986, Streisand was set to take another musical journey along the Great White Way in 1988. She recorded several cuts for the album under the direction of Rupert Holmes, including On My Own (from Les Misérables), a medley of How Are Things in Glocca Morra? and Heather on the Hill (from Finian's Rainbow and Brigadoon, respectively), All I Ask of You (from Phantom of the Opera), Warm All Over (from The Most Happy Fella) and an unusual solo version of Make Our Garden Grow (from Candide). Streisand was not happy with the direction of the project and it was ultimately scrapped. Only Warm All Over and a reworked, Lite FM-friendly version of All I Ask of You were ever released—the latter appearing on Streisand's 1988 effort, Till I Loved You.

In September 1993, Streisand announced her first public concert appearances in 27 years. What began as a two-night New Year's event at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas eventually led to a multi-city tour in the summer of 1994. Tickets to the tour were sold out in under one hour. Streisand also appeared on the covers of major magazines in anticipation of what Time magazine named "The Music Event of the Century". The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Ticket prices ranged from US$50 to US$1,500 - making Streisand the highest paid concert performer in history. Barbra Streisand: The Concert went on to be the top grossing concert of the year, earned five Emmy Awards and the Peabody Award, and the taped broadcast on HBO is, to date, the highest rated concert special in HBO's 30 year history.

On New Year's Eve 1999, Streisand returned to the concert stage, giving the highest grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date.^{[citation needed]} At the end of the millennium, she was the number one female singer in the U.S., with at least two #1 albums in each decade since she began performing. A 2-disc live album of the concert entitled Timeless: Live in Concert was released in 2000. Streisand performed versions of the "Timeless" concert in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia in early 2000.

In advance of four concerts (two each in Los Angeles and New York) in September 2000, Streisand announced she was retiring from future paying public concerts. Her performance of the song People was broadcast on the Internet via America Online.

Streisand's most recent albums have been Christmas Memories (2001), a somewhat somber collection of holiday songs (which felt entirely—albeit unintentionally—appropriate in the early post-9/11 days), and The Movie Album (2003), featuring famous movie themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. Guilty Pleasures (called Guilty Too in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel to their previous Guilty, was released worldwide in 2005.

Streisand's 20-concert tour set record box-office numbers. At the age of 64, well past the prime of most performers, she grossed US$92,457,062 and set house gross records in 14 of the 16 arenas played on the tour. She set the third-place record for her October 9, 2006 show at Madison Square Garden, the first- and second-place records of which are held by her two shows in September 2000. She set the second-place record at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, with her December 31, 1999 show being the house record and the highest grossing concert of all time. This led many people to openly criticize Streisand for price gouging, as many tickets sold for upwards of US$1,000.

A collection of performances culled from different stops on this tour, Live in Concert 2006, debuted at #7 on the Billboard 200, making it Streisand's 29th Top 10 album. In the summer of 2007, Streisand gave concerts for the first time in continental Europe. Tickets for the London dates cost between £100.00 and GB£1,500.00 and for the Ireland date between €118 and €500. The tour included a 58-piece orchestra.

In February 2008, Forbes Magazine listed Streisand as the #2 top-earning female musician, between June 2006 and June 2007, with earnings of about US$60 million. Although Streisand's range has changed with time and her voice has become deeper over the years, her vocal prowess has remained remarkably secure for a singer whose career has endured for nearly half a century.

On February 1, 2010, Streisand joined over 80 other artists in recording a new version of the 1985 charity single "We Are the World". Quincy Jones and Lionel Richie planned to release the new version to mark the 25th anniversary of its original recording. These plans changed, however, in view of the devastating earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010, and on February 12, the song, now called "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", made its debut as a charity single to support relief aid for the beleaguered island nation.Streisand, like fellow divas Bette Midler and Celine Dion, was offered a $100 Million contract to perform in Las Vegas. Under the contract, Barbra would have been slated to perform for 3 years. She turned them down, while an insider said she has plans to tour in the Summer 2010.

Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), an artistic and commercial success directed by Hollywood veteran William Wyler, for which she won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter), the first (and only) time there was a tie in this Oscar category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly! directed by Gene Kelly (1969) and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever directed by Vincente Minnelli (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl and the Pussycat (1970).

During the 1970s, Streisand starred in several screwball comedies, including What's Up, Doc? (1972) and The Main Event (1979), both co-starring Ryan O'Neal, and For Pete's Sake (1974) with Michael Sarrazin. One of her most famous roles during this period was in the drama The Way We Were (1973) with Robert Redford, for which she received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress. She earned her second Academy Award for Best Original Song as composer (together with lyricist Paul Williams) for the song "Evergreen", from A Star Is Born in 1976; this was the first time a woman had received this award.

Along with Paul Newman and Sidney Poitier, Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1969 so the actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists was Up the Sandbox (1972).

In 2004, Streisand made a return to film acting, after an eight-year hiatus, in the comedy Meet the Fockers (a sequel to Meet the Parents), playing opposite Dustin Hoffman, Ben Stiller, Blythe Danner and Robert De Niro.

Streisand has long been an active supporter of the Democratic Party and many of their causes. Streisand said, "The Democrats have always been the party of working people and minorities. I've always identified with the minorities." Streisand has personally raised $15 million for organizations through her live performances. The Streisand Foundation, established in 1986, has contributed over $16 million through its grants to "national organizations working on preservation of the environment, voter education, the protection of civil liberties and civil rights, women’s issues and nuclear disarmament." In 2006, Streisand donated $1 million to the William Jefferson Clinton Foundation in support of President Bill Clinton’s climate change initiative.

In 2000, Barbra Streisand was awarded the National Medal of Arts and she has been nominated for over 56 Grammy Awards, of which she won 15. She's been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame three times.

Barbra Joan Streisand (Brooklyn, New York, USA, 1942.) amerikai színésznő, énekesnő, zeneszerző, rendező, forgatókönyvíró, producer.
New Yorkban, Brooklynban született ortodox zsidó családban. Édesapja korán meghalt, és Barbra-nak nagyon hiányzott édesapja. Ez adott indíttatást első rendezéséhez (Yentl). Anyja nem nézte jó szemmel lánya színészi álmait, és folyton becsmérelte Barbra külsejét. Sidney Poitier-vel és Paul Newmannal az első sztárok között volt az 1970-es években, akik saját produkciós irodát alapítottak.

Szerepeiben főként akaratos, elszánt asszonyokat alakít, drámai és komikus szerepek megformálásában egyaránt élen jár. A legtehetségesebb amerikai énekesnők egyike.

1997-ben eljegyezte magát a másodvonalbeli filmek sztárjával, James Brolin-nal, akivel kapcsolatban nem titkolja, hogy a hiányzó apafigurát is pótolja számára. Egyetlen vágya, hogy partnerével a lehető legtöbb időt töltse együtt.

Hollywood leggazdagabb üzletasszonyai közé tartozik, egyes becslések szerint 180 millió dolláros vagyonnal rendelkezik.

Rendszerint együtt ünnepli születésnapját barátnőjével, Shirley MacLaine-nel, akivel egy napon született. Közeli barátnője Donna Karan, divattervező. Elliot Gouldhoz fűződő kapcsolatából született egy fia, Jason, akiről azt állítják, hogy homoszexuális. Állandó munkatársa koncertjei karmestere és filmjei zeneszerzője, Marvin Hamlisch.

Franz and Eduard Sacher

Franz Sacher (1816 - 1907) was an Austrian-Jewish confectioner, best known as the inventor of the world-famous chocolate cake, the Sachertorte.

In 1832 Austria's minister of foreign affairs, Prince Metternich, ordered his court's kitchen to create a special dessert for a dinner to be attended by high-ranking guests. Dass er mir aber keine Schand' macht, heut' Abend! ("Let there be no shame on me tonight!"), he is reported to have declared. Unfortunately, on the day of the dinner the chief cook of Metternich's household was taken ill, and the task of preparing the dessert had to be passed to Franz Sacher, then in his second-year of apprenticeship at the palace. The result was the magnificent chocolate cake devised on the spot by the 16-year-old trainee.

Franz Sacher was born in Vienna and died in Baden bei Wien. In 1876 his son, Eduard, opened the Hotel Sacher, near the State Opera House in Vienna, and the Sachertorte, the (still secret) recipe of which he had inherited, played no small part in spreading the fame of the hotel.

Franz Sacher ((Bécs, 1816 – Baden, 1907) osztrák cukrász, a híres Sacher-torta feltalálója.

Bécsben született 1816-ban. Metternich herceg bécsi palotájában volt szakácsinas. Konyhafőnöke betegsége idején, 16 évesen alkotta a meg a róla elnevezett és azóta védetté vált Sacher-tortát. Pár évvel később a mesterlevelét megszerezte és az Esterházy család szolgálatába állt. A magyar arisztokrata család zselízi birtokán (ma: Zeliezovce Szlovákia) született meg fia Eduard Sacher,

a szállodaalapító, aki később a császárvárosban, az operaház mellett 1876-ban nyitotta meg szállodájával együtt előkelő cukrászdáját. A Sacher család gróf Széchenyi István hívására előbb az akkori magyar fővárosba, Pozsonyba (ma: Bratislava) ment, ahol a csalédfő tiszti vendéglőnek számító „Úri Kaszinó" konyháját vezette. A Pozsonyban kikötő dunai gőzösöket is ő látt a el élelemmel, mint a mai „cateringesek” korai előfutára. Később a Pesti Vigadó konyhafőnöke lett, és az Dunagőzhajózási Társaság éttermeinek vezetését vette át. Az 1848-as forradalmat követően végleg hazatért Bécsbe. 1881-ben családjával a Bécs melletti alsó-ausztriai Badenbe költözött, ahol 1907-ben bekövetkezett haláláig élt.

Meyer Lansky

Meyer Lansky (born Meyer Suchowljanski) (July 4, 1902 – January 15, 1983; known as the "Mob's Accountant") was a Jewish-American organized crime figure who, along with his associate Charles "Lucky" Luciano, was instrumental in the development of the "National Crime Syndicate" in the United States.

Lansky developed a gambling empire which stretched from Saratoga, New York to Miami and Las Vegas; it is also said that he oversaw gambling concessions in Cuba. He was appointed by Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar. Although a member of the Jewish Mafia, Lansky undoubtedly had strong influence with the Italian Mafia and played a large role in the consolidation of the criminal underworld.

Meyer Lansky was born Meyer Suchowljanski into a Jewish family in Grodno (then Russia, now part of Belarus) to Max Suchowljanski and his wife Yetta.

Lansky met Bugsy Siegel when he was a teenager. They also became lifelong friends, and together with Luciano, formed a lasting partnership. Lansky was instrumental in Luciano's rise to power by organizing the 1931 murder of Mafia powerhouse Salvatore Maranzano. As a youngster, Siegel saved Lansky's life several times, a fact which Lansky always appreciated. The two adroitly managed the Bug and Meyer Mob despite its reputation as one of the most violent Prohibition gangs.

Lansky was the brother of Jacob "Jake" Lansky, who in 1959 was the manager of the Nacional Hotel in Havana, Cuba.

By 1936, Lansky had established gambling operations in Florida, New Orleans, and Cuba. In that same year, his partner Luciano was sent to prison. As Alfred McCoy records:

"During the 1930s, Meyer Lansky 'discovered' the Caribbean for Northeastern United States syndicate bosses and invested their illegal profits in an assortment of lucrative gambling ventures.... He was also reportedly responsible for organized crime's decision to declare Miami a 'free city' (i.e., not subject to the usual rules of territorial monopoly)."

Lansky later convinced the Mafia to place Bugsy Siegel in charge of Las Vegas, and became a major investor in Siegel's Flamingo Hotel.

After Al Capone's 1931 conviction for tax evasion and prostitution, Lansky saw that he too was vulnerable to a similar prosecution. To protect himself, he transferred the illegal earnings from his growing casino empire to a Swiss numbered bank account, whose anonymity was assured by the 1934 Swiss Banking Act. Lansky eventually even bought an offshore bank in Switzerland, which he used to launder money through a network of shell and holding companies.

In the 1930s, Meyer Lansky and his gang claimed to have stepped outside their usual criminal activities to break up rallies held by Nazi sympathizers. Lansky recalled a particular rally in Yorkville, a German neighborhood in Manhattan, that he claimed he and 14 other associates disrupted:

"The stage was decorated with a swastika and a picture of Adolf Hitler. The speakers started ranting. There were only fifteen of us, but we went into action. We threw some of them out the windows. Most of the Nazis panicked and ran out. We chased them and beat them up. We wanted to show them that Jews would not always sit back and accept insults."

During World War II, Lansky was also instrumental in helping the Office of Naval Intelligence's Operation Underworld, in which the US government recruited criminals to watch out for German infiltrators and submarine-borne saboteurs.

According to Lucky Luciano's authorized biography, during this time, Lansky helped arrange a deal with the US Government via a high-ranking U.S. Navy official. This deal would secure the release of Lucky Luciano from prison; in exchange the Italian mafia would provide security for the war ships that were being built along the docks in New York Harbor. German submarines were sinking allied shipping outside the coast on a daily basis and there was great fear of attack or sabotage by Nazi sympathizers.

During the 1940s, Lansky associate Bugsy Siegel persuaded the crime bosses to invest in a lavish new casino hotel project in Las Vegas, the Flamingo. After long delays and large cost overruns, the Flamingo Hotel was still not open for business. To discuss the Flamingo problem, the mafia investors attended a secret meeting in Havana, Cuba in 1946. While the other bosses wanted to kill Siegel, Lansky begged them to give his friend a second chance. Despite this reprieve, Siegel continued to lose mafia money on the Flamingo Hotel. A second family meeting was then called. However, by the time this meeting took place, the casino turned a small profit. Lansky again, with Luciano's support, convinced the family to give Siegel some more time.

The Flamingo was soon losing money again. At a third meeting, the family decided that Siegel was finished. He had humiliated the organized crime bosses and never had a chance. It is widely believed that Lansky himself was compelled to give the final okay on eliminating Siegel due to his long relationship with Siegel and his stature in the family.

On June 20, 1947, Siegel was shot and killed in Beverly Hills, California. Twenty minutes after the Siegel hit, Lansky's associates, including Gus Greenbaum and Moe Sedway, walked into the Flamingo Hotel and took control of the property. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Lansky retained a substantial financial interest in the Flamingo for the next twenty years. Lansky said in several interviews later in his life that if it had been up to him, Ben Siegel would be alive today.

This also marked a power transfer in Vegas from the New York to the Chicago crime families. Although his role was considerably more restrained than in previous years, Lansky is believed to have both advised and aided Chicago boss Tony Accardo in initially establishing his hold.

After World War II, Lansky associate Lucky Luciano was paroled from prison on the condition that he permanently return to Sicily. However, Luciano secretly moved to Cuba, where he worked to resume control over American mafia operations. Luciano also ran a number of casinos in Cuba with the sanction of Cuban president General Fulgencio Batista, though the American government succeeded in pressuring the Batista regime to deport Luciano.

Batista's closest friend in the Mafia was Lansky. They formed a renowned friendship and business relationship that lasted for three decades. During a stay at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York in the late 1940s, it was mutually agreed upon that, in exchange for kickbacks, Batista would offer Lansky and the Mafia control of Havana’s racetracks and casinos. Batista would open Havana to large scale gambling, and his government would match, dollar for dollar, any hotel investment over $1 million, which would include a casino license. Lansky, of course, would place himself at the center of Cuba's gambling operations. He immediately called on his "associates" to hold a summit in Havana.

The Havana Conference was held on December 22, 1946 at the Hotel Nacional. This was the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932. Present were such notable figures as Joe Adonis and Albert "The Mad Hatter" Anastasia from New York, Frank Costello, Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno, Vito Genovese, Moe Dalitz, Thomas Luchese, Santo Trafficante Jr. from Tampa, Carlos "The Little Man" Marcello from New Orleans, and Stefano Magaddino, Joe Bonanno's cousin from Buffalo. From Chicago there was Anthony Accardo and the Fischetti brothers, "Trigger-Happy" Charlie and his brother Rocco, and, representing the Jewish interest, Lansky and “Dandy” Phil Kastel from Florida. The first to arrive was Salvatore Charles Lucky Luciano, who had been deported to Italy, and had to travel to Havana with a false passport. Lansky shared with them his vision of a new Havana, profitable for those willing to invest the right sum of money. A city that could be their "Latin Las Vegas," where they would feel right at home since it was a place where drugs, prostitution, labor racketeering, and extortion were already commonplace. According to Luciano’s evidence, and he is the only one who ever recounted details of the events in any detail, he confirmed that he was appointed as kingpin for the mob, to rule from Cuba until such time as he could find a legitimate way back into the U.S. Entertainment at the conference was provided by, among others, Frank Sinatra who flew down to Cuba with their friends, the Fischetti brothers.

In 1952, Lansky even offered then President Carlos Prío Socarrás a bribe of U.S. $250,000 to step down so Batista could return to power. Once Batista snatched control of the government that he had relinquished, he quickly put gambling back on track. The dictator contacted Lansky and offered him an annual salary of U.S. $25,000 to serve as an unofficial gambling minister. By 1955, Batista had changed the gambling laws once again granting a gaming license to anyone who invested $1 million in a hotel or U.S. $200,000 in a new nightclub. And that meant anyone. Unlike the procedure for acquiring gaming licenses in Vegas, this provision exempted venture capitalists from background checks. As long as they made the required investment, they were provided with public matching funds for construction, a 10-year tax exemption and duty-free importation of equipment and furnishings. The government would get U.S. $25,000 for license plus a percentage of the profits from each casino. Cuba’s 10,000 slot machines, even the ones which dispensed small prizes for children at country fairs, were to be the province of Batista's brother-in-law, Roberto Fernandez y Miranda. An Army general and government sports director, Fernandez was also given the parking meters in Havana as a little something extra. Import duties were waived on materials for hotel construction and Cuban contractors with the right "in" made windfalls by importing much more than was needed and selling the surplus to others for hefty profits. It was rumored that besides the U.S. $250,000 to get a license, a fee sometimes more was required under the table. Periodic payoffs were requested and received by corrupt politicians.

Lansky set about reforming the Montmartre Club which soon became the in place in Havana. He also long expressed an interest in putting a casino in the elegant Hotel Nacional, which overlooked El Morro, the ancient fortress guarding Havana harbor. Lansky planned to take a wing of the 10-storey hotel and create luxury suites for high stakes players. Batista endorsed Lansky’s idea over the objections of American expatriates like Ernest Hemingway and the elegant hotel opened for business in 1955 with a show by Eartha Kitt. The casino was an immediate success.

Once all the new hotels, nightclubs and casinos had been built Batista wasted no time collecting his share of the profits. Nightly, the "bagman" for his wife collected 10 percent of the profits at Trafficante's interests; the Sans Souci caberet, and the casinos in the hotels Sevilla-Biltmore, Commodoro, Deauville and Capri (part-owned by the actor George Raft). His take from the Lansky casinos, his prized Habana Riviera, the Nacional, the Montmartre Club and others, was said to be 30 percent. What exactly Batista and his cronies actually received in total in the way of bribes, payoffs and profiteering has never been certified. The slot machines alone contributed approximately U.S. $1 million to the regime's bank account.

However, the 1959 Cuban revolution and the rise of Fidel Castro changed the climate for mob investment in Cuba. On that New Year's Eve of 1958, while Batista was preparing to flee to the Dominican Republic and then on to Spain (where he died in exile in 1973), Lansky was celebrating the $3 million he made in the first year of operations at his 440-room, $18 million palace, the Habana Riviera. Many of the casinos were looted and destroyed that night, including several of Lansky's.

On January 8, 1959, Castro marched into Havana and took over, setting up shop in the Hilton. Lansky had fled the day before for the Bahamas and other Caribbean destinations. The new Cuban president, Manuel Urrutia Lleó closed the casinos. and nationalized all the casino and hotel properties.

In October 1960 Castro nationalized the island's hotel-casinos and outlawed gambling. This action essentially wiped out Lansky's asset base and revenue streams. He lost an estimated $7 million. With the additional crackdown on casinos in Miami, Lansky was forced to depend on his Las Vegas revenues.

In his later years, Lansky lived a low-profile, routine existence in Miami Beach, making life difficult for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Lansky's associates usually met him in malls and other crowded locations. Lansky's chauffeur drove him around town to look for new pay phones almost every day. Lansky was so elusive that the FBI essentially gave up monitoring him by the mid-1970s.

Lansky was rumored to have photographic proof that J. Edgar Hoover was a homosexual; conspiracy theorists believed this was the reason Hoover wasn't aggressive in pursuing organized crime. There is no known direct evidence to support this claim, but there is strong circumstantial evidence suggesting so.

During the 1970s, Lansky fled to Herzliya Pituah, Israel, to escape federal tax evasion charges. Two years later, Israel deported Lansky back to the U.S. However, the government's best shot at convicting Lansky was with the testimony of loan shark Vincent "Fat Vinnie" Teresa, an informant with little or no credibility. The jury was unreceptive, and Lansky was acquitted in 1974.

Lansky's last years were spent quietly at his home in Miami Beach. He died of lung cancer on January 15, 1983, aged 80, leaving behind a widow and three children. On paper, Lansky was worth almost nothing. At the time, the FBI believed he left behind over $300 million in hidden bank accounts, but they never found any money.

However, his biographer Robert Lacey describes Lansky's financially strained circumstances in the last two decades of his life and his inability to pay for health care for his relatives. For Lacey, there was no evidence "to sustain the notion of Lansky as king of all evil, the brains, the secret mover, the inspirer and controller of American organized crime." He concludes from evidence including interviews with the surviving members of the family that Lansky's wealth and influence had been grossly exaggerated, and that it would be more accurate to think of him as an accountant for gangsters rather than a gangster himself. His granddaughter told author J.T. English that at his death in 1983, Lansky left only $37,000 in cash. When asked in his later years what went wrong in Cuba, the gangster offered no excuses. "I crapped out," he said.

In September 1982, Forbes listed him as one of the 400 wealthiest people in America. His net worth was estimated at $100 million.

Meyer Lansky (eredeti nevén Majer Suchowliński, Grodno, 1902. július 4. - 1982. november 15) amerikai maffiavezér volt, aki Charles "Lucky" Lucianóval együtt alapvető szerepet játszott a gengszterszervezeteket összefogó Bizottság létrehozásában (és talán az Országos Bűnügyi Szindikátuséban is). Bár Lansky zsidó származású volt, tagadhatatlanul központi helyet töltött be az amerikai olasz maffia szervezetében és általában véve is a szervezett alvilág megszilárdításában.

Lansky az oroszországi Grodnóban született (ma Fehéroroszország), zsidó szülők gyermekeként. Apja Max Suchowljansky, anyka Yetta Lansky volt. 1911-ben a család az Egyesült Államokba vándorolt ki és New York Manhattan városrészében telepedett le, a Lower East Side-on (Manhattan délkeleti része).

Lansky állítólag iskolásfiúként találkozott Lucky Lucianóval, aki pénzt követelt tőle, a kisebb fiú ezt bátran visszautasította, ami annyira tetszett Lucianónak, hogy ettől fogva egész életükre barátok lettek.

Lansky tizenévesként találkozott Bugsy Siegellel, akivel szintén szoros barátságot kötött. Lansky a későbbiekben kulcsszerepet játszott Luciano felemelkedésében azzal, hogy 1931-ben megszervezte Salvatore Maranzano maffiavezér meggyilkolását. Ifjúkorukban Siegel többször megmentette Lansky életét, amiért Lansky egész életében hálás maradt. Ők ketten nagyon hatékonyan irányították a hírhedt Lower East Side-i Bug és Meyer banda tevékenységét annak ellenére, hogy ez a társaság az alkoholtilalom legerőszakosabb gengjei közé tartozott.

1936-ra Lansky jelentős pozíciókat épített ki a szerencsejáték üzletben, Floridában, New Orleansban és Kubában. Ebben az időben került társa, Luciano börtönbe. A kaszinók alkalmasak voltak a maffia pénzeinek tisztára mosására. Állítólag az ő nevéhez fűződik, hogy a maffiacsoportok „szabad városnak” nyilvánították Miamit, ami annyit jelenlt, hogy a városra nem alkalmazták a máshol a maffiacsoportokra jellemző szigorú területi felosztást.

Később Lansky elérte, hogy a maffia Siegelt állítsa a Las Vegas-i ügyletek élére. Maga Lansky Flamingo Hotel projektjébe fektette a pénzét.

Miután 1931-ben Al Caponét a hatóságoknak adóelkerülés vádjával sikerült elítéltetniük, Lansky is tudatára ébredt, hogy ez nei is az érzékeny oldala lehet. Ezért a növekvő kaszinóbirodalom feketepénzeit Európába vitte, és miután 1934-ben a svájci banktörvény ezt lehetővé tette, a pénzt számozott bankszámlára helyezte.

Az 1930-as években Lansky és bűnszervezete kilépett a „normál” üzletmenetből és náci szimpatizánsok gyűléseit verték szét. Maga Lansky így emlékezett vissza arra, hogyan esett neki 14 társával egy náci gyűlésnek Yorkville-ben, Mahattan németek lakta részében:

„A színpadot szvasztika és Hitler képe díszítette. A szónokok locsogni kezdtek. Csak tizenöten voltunk, de akcióba lendültünk. Párukat az ablakon dobtuk ki… A legtöbb náci korcs pánikba esett és kirohant. Mi utánuk és rokkantra vertük a férgeket… Meg akartuk mutatni nekik, hogy a zsidók nem mindig dőlnek hátra, elfogadva a sértéseket.”

Lansky a második világháború idején a Tengerészeti Hírszerző Iroda Alvilág-operációjának fő segítője volt. Ebben a kormány bűnözők segítségével kutatta fel a német kémeket és szabotőröket.

Az 1940-es években Lansky barátja és szövetségese, Bugsy Siegel rávette a maffiavezéreket, köztük Lanskyt, hogy forgassank be jelentős pénzeket Las Vegasban a Flamingo kaszinó és hotel létrehozásába. A hotel jelentős idő- és költségtúllépés után még mindig nem üzemelt, a maffia-befektetők ezért titkos gyűlést hívtak össze, amely havannai konferencia néven híresült el. A kubai találkozón többen Siegel vérét kívánták, de Lansky meggyőzte őket, hogy barátja kapjon még egy esélyt. Ennek ellenére a projekt veszteséges maradt, ezért újabb ülést hívtak össze. Siegel szerencséjére azonban az ülés idejére a kaszinó már némi profitot kezdett el termelni, így Lansky és Luciano támogatásával Siegel újabb időt nyert.

A kaszinó szerencséje azonban nem tartott sokáig, újra veszteséges lett és egy harmadik találkozón a megalázott főnökök Siegel kivégzését határozták el. Elterjedt nézet, hogy végül magát Lanskyt, aki túl közel állt Siegelhez, szintén kényszerítették, hogy adja hozzájárulását Siegel likvidálásához.

1947. június 20-án Bugsy Siegelt a kaliforniai Beverly Hillsben lelőtték. Húsz perccel később Lansky emberei, köztük Gus Greenbaum és Moe Sedway besétáltak a Flamingó Hotelbe és átvették az irányítást. Az FBI szerint a következő húsz évben Lanskynek jelentős érdekeltsége maradt a Flamingóban.

A második világháború után Lansky szövetségesét, Lucky Lucianót kiengedték a börtönből, azzal a feltétellel, hogy visszaköltözik Szicíliába Luciano azonban ehelyett titokban Kubába utazott, hogy onnan mozgassa az amerikai maffia szálait. Fulgencio Batista tábornok, Kuba elnöke jóváhagyásával Luciano helyben egy sor kaszinót múködtetett. Ahogy kubai vállakozásainak jövedelme nőtt és a szerencsejáték üzlet felvirágzott, úgy jött meg egyre inkább Lansky kedve is, hogy befektessen. Nagy összeget költött a Havana Riviera hotel projektre.

1959-ben azonban Fidel Castro színrelépése és a kubai forradalom egy csapásra megváltoztatta a maffia kubai befektetéseinek kilátásait. Az új kubai elnök bezárta, illetve államosította a kaszinókat és szállodákat. Lansky a Bahamákra távozott.

Isaac Merritt Singer and his famous Machine

Isaac Merritt Singer was born in the hamlet of Johnsonville, in the town of Pittstown, Rensselaer County, NY, on 27 October 1811. He was the youngest son of Adam SINGER and his first wife, Ruth BENSON. Adam SINGER is said to have been a German immigrant from Saxony whose birth name was Adam REISINGER. One German source says that Reisinger was a Jewish family. It is not known how many children Adam Singer and Ruth Benson had, but there were at least two sons and a daughter; the daughter's name was Elizabeth.

Isaac was married for the first time in 1830, to Catharine Maria Haley. Then, they moved to New York City, probably in 1831. They seem to have lived there with her parents for a time. By the summer of 1833 they had again moved, this time to Otsego County, New York. Isaac had worked in his older brother's machine shop before marriage and learnt the machinists trade there; in Otsego in the village of Fly Creek Isaac was again working in a machine shop, this time owned by George Pomeroy.

Isaac had two children by Catharine: William, born in 1834, and Lillian, born in 1837. In 1835 he moved with Catherine and their young son William to New York City, working in a press shop. In 1836, he left the city as an agent for a company of players, touring through Baltimore, where he met Mary Ann Sponsler, to whom he proposed marriage. He returned with Mary Ann to New York in 1837. That year Isaac had two children born: his wife Catherine gave him Lillian, and Mary Ann gave him a son. His domestic life with Catharine did not prosper after this, but they were not officially divorced until 1860.

After Mary Ann arrived in New York and found out that Singer was already married, she and Singer returned to Baltimore, presenting themselves as a married couple.

By 1850, when Singer saw his first sewing machine, it had been "invented" four times. All sewing machines before Walter Hunt's produced a chain stitch, which had the disadvantage of easily unravelling. Hunt's machine produced a lock stitch, as did all subsequent machines including Lerow and Blodgett's, which Singer in turn improved in Phelps's shop. Elias Howe independently developed a sewing machine and obtained a patent on September 10, 1846.

War broke out between Howe and Singer, with each claiming patent primacy. Singer set out to discover that Howe's improvements had been reinventions of existing technology, and found one of Hunt's old machines, which indeed created a lock-stitch with a shuttle. Hunt applied in 1853 for a patent, claiming priority to Howe's patent, issued some seven years earlier. A lawsuit, Hunt v. Howe, came to trial in 1854, and was resolved in Howe's favor. Howe then brought suit to stop Singer from selling Singer machines, and protracted litigation ensued.

In 1856, manufacturers Grover, Baker, Singer, Wheeler, and Wilson, all accusing the others of patent infringement, met in Albany, New York to pursue their suits. Orlando B. Potter, a lawyer and president of the Grover and Baker Company, proposed that, rather than sue their profits out of existence, they pool their patents. This was the first patent pool, a process which enables production of complicated machines without legal battles over patent rights. They agreed to form the Sewing Machine Combination, but for this to be of any use they had to secure the cooperation of Elias Howe, who still held certain vital uncontested patents which meant he received a royalty on every sewing machine manufactured by any company. Terms were arranged, and Howe joined on. Sewing machines began to be mass produced: I. M. Singer & Co manufactured 2,564 machines in 1856, and 13,000 in 1860 at a new shop on Mott Street in New York.

Sewing machines had until now been industrial machines, made for tailors, but smaller machines began to be marketed for home use. I. M. Singer expanded into the European market, establishing a factory in Clydebank, near Glasgow, controlled by the parent company, becoming one of the first American-based multinational corporations, with agencies in Paris and Rio de Janeiro.

The financial success gave Singer the ability to buy a mansion on Fifth Avenue, into which he moved his second family. In 1860, he divorced Catherine, on the basis of her adultery with Stephen Kent. He continued to live with Mary Ann, until she spotted him driving down Fifth Avenue seated beside one Mary McGonigal, an employee, about whom Mary Ann had well-founded suspicions, for by this time Mary McGonigal had borne Isaac Singer five children. The surname Matthews was used for this family. Mary Ann (still calling herself Mrs. I. M. Singer) had her husband arrested for bigamy. Singer was let out on bond and, disgraced, fled to London in 1862, taking Mary McGonigal with him. In the aftermath, another of Isaac's families was discovered: he had a "wife" Mary Eastwood Walters and daughter Alice Eastwood in Lower Manhattan, who both adopted the surname "Merritt". By 1860, Isaac had fathered and recognized eighteen children (sixteen of them remaining alive), by four women.

In 1863, I. M. Singer & Co. was dissolved by mutual consent, with the business continued as "The Singer Manufacturing Company," enabling the reorganization of financial and management responsibilities. Singer no longer actively participated in the firm's day-to-day management, but served as a member of the Board of Trustees (even though he now lived in Europe) and was a major stockholder.

He now began to increase his new family: he would eventually have six children with his wife Isabella. Unable, probably because of Isaac's chequered marital past, to enter New York society, the family emigrated to Paris, never to return to the United States. Fleeing the Franco-Prussian War, they resided first in London, then in Paignton, (near Torquay) on the Devon coast where he built a large house, Oldway Mansion. He brought some of his other children to live there. Nine days after the wedding of his daughter Alice Merritt to William Alonso Paul La Grove, Isaac Singer died of "an affection of the heart and inflammation of the wind-pipe." He was interred in Torquay cemetery.

Singer left an, leaving some out for various reasons. Suits followed, with Mary Anne claiming to be the legitimate "Mrs. Singer". In the end Isabella was declared the legal widow. Isabella remarried in 1879 with Dutch musician Victor Reubsaet and settled in Paris. After his death in 1887, she remarried in 1891 with Paul Sohège.

Isaac's 18th child Winnaretta Singer married Prince Louis de Scey-Montbéliard in 1887, when she was 22. After annulment of this marriage in 1891, she married Prince Edmond de Polignac in 1893. She would become a prominent patron of French avant-garde music, e.g., Erik Satie composed his Socrate as one of her commissions (1918). As a lesbian she became involved with Violet Trefusis from 1923 on. Another of Isaac's daughters, Isabelle-Blanche (born 1869) married Jean, duc Decazes (Daisy Fellowes was their daughter). Isabelle committed suicide in 1896. A brother to Winnaretta and Isabelle, Paris Singer, had a child by Isadora Duncan. Another brother, Washington Singer, became a substantial donor to the University College of the southwest of England, which later became the University of Exeter; one of the university's buildings is named in his honour.

Isaac M. Singer 1811-ben született az amerikai Pittstownban, a varrógép legsikeresebb fejlesztője.
Singer színésznek ugyan nem volt kiemelkedő tehetség, viszont félelmetes érzéke volt mindenféle műszaki dologhoz. Sok találmánya és sok szabadalma volt, de a balszerencse is üldözte, így negyven éves koráig csak tengődött. 1851-ben azonban egy elromlott varrógép javításával bízták meg, ő pedig Howe masinája alapján 11 nap alatt kifejlesztett egy sokkal hatékonyabb, folyamatos varrásra is alkalmas eszközt. A szabadalom miatt hosszú éveken át pereskedett Howe-val, viszont a procedúrának köszönhetően találkozott az ügyvéd Edward Clarkkal, akit felvett cégéhez. A családcentrikus, becsületes Clark tökéletes ellentéte volt a bohém, csapodár Singernek. Magánemberként nem jöttek ki jól, de üzletileg remekül kiegészítették egymást. Clark reklámkampányainak és üzleti érzékének köszönhetően 1865-re a vállalatnak 29 országban voltak gyárai, Singer tehetségéből pedig 20 szabadalmaztatott találmányra futotta. Nagyjából 15 millió dolláros vagyonát halála után 23 gyermeke között osztották fel.