Golda Meir (
Hebrew:
גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר) was the
fourth prime minister of the State of Israel. Meir was elected
Prime Minister of Israel on 17 March 1969, after
serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister. Israel's first and the world's third female to hold such an office, she was described as the "
Iron Lady" of
Israeli politics years before the epithet became associated with British prime minister
Margaret Thatcher. Former prime minister
David Ben-Gurion used to call Meir "the best man in the government"; she was often portrayed as the "strong-willed, straight-talking, gray-bunned grandmother of the Jewish people"
Meir was born Golda Mabovitch (Ukrainian: Голда Мабович) in Kiev in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine) to Blume Neiditch and Moshe Mabovitch, a carpenter. Meir wrote in her autobiography that her earliest memories were of her father boarding up the front door in response to rumors of an imminent pogrom. She had two sisters, Sheyna and Tzipke, as well as five other siblings who died in childhood. She was especially close to Sheyna. Moshe Mabovitch left to find work in New York City in 1903. In his absence, the rest of the family moved to Pinsk to join her mother's family. In 1905, Moshe moved to Milwaukee in search of higher-paying work and found employment in the workshops of the local railroad yard. The following year, he had saved up enough money to bring his family to the United States.
Blume ran a grocery store on Milwaukee's north side, where by age eight Golda had been put in charge of watching the store when her mother went to the market for supplies. Golda attended the Fourth Street Grade School (now Golda Meir School) from 1906 to 1912. A leader early on, she organized a fundraiser to pay for her classmates' textbooks. After forming the American Young Sisters Society, she rented a hall and scheduled a public meeting for the event. She went on to graduate valedictorian of her class despite not knowing English at the beginning of her schooling.
At 14, she went to North Division High School and worked part-time. Her mother wanted her to leave school and marry, but she rebelled. She bought a train ticket to Denver, Colorado, and went to live with her married sister, Sheyna Korngold. The Korngolds held intellectual evenings at their home where Meir was exposed to debates on Zionism, literature, women’s suffrage, trade unionism and more. In her autobiography, she wrote: "To the extent that my own future convictions were shaped and given form... those talk-filled nights in Denver played a considerable role." In Denver, she also met Morris Meyerson, a sign painter, whom she later married at the age of 19.
She attended the Milwaukee Normal School (now University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) in 1916, and probably part of 1917. The same year, she took a position at a Yiddish-speaking Folks Schule. While at the Folks Schule, she came more closely into contact with the ideals of Labor Zionism. In 1913, she began dating Morris Meyerson, and they married on 24 December 1917. She was a committed Labor Zionist and he was a dedicated socialist.
Together, they left their jobs to join a kibbutz in Palestine in 1921. She gradually became more involved with the Zionist movement. At the end of World War II, she took part in the negotiations with the British that resulted in the creation of the state of Israel. In 1948, she became Israel's first ambassador to the Soviet Union. That position lasted seven months, and she returned to Israel in 1949 to become Minister of Labor. In 1956, she became Foreign Minister, and served in this capacity until her retirement in 1965. She changed her name from "Meyerson" to "Meir" in 1956.
On 26 February 1969, Prime Minister Levi Eshkol died of a heart attack, at which time many members of the Knesset asked Meir to return to politics. She became prime minister of Israel with the Labor Party's support. Meir's greatest crisis came during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. While prime minister, she spent much of her time developing support for Israel by meeting with western leaders. In 1974, the labor coalition broke up and Meir left office. She died four years later.
In 1913, she returned to North Division High School in Milwaukee, graduating in 1915. While there, she became an active member of Young Poale Zion, which later became Habonim, the Labor Zionist youth movement. She spoke at public meetings, embraced Socialist Zionism and hosted visitors from Palestine.
After graduating from the Milwaukee State Normal School (a predecessor of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), she taught in Milwaukee public schools. She formally joined Poale Zion in 1915.
Golda and Morris married in 1917. Settling in Palestine was her precondition for the marriage.[4] Golda had intended to make Aliyah straight away but her plans were disrupted due to all transatlantic passenger services being canceled due to the first world war. Instead she threw her energies into Poale Zion activities.[7] A short time after their wedding, she embarked on a fundraising campaign for Poale Zion that took her across the United States.[4] Finding herself pregnant, she underwent an abortion because she felt "her Zionist obligations simply did not leave room for a child."[4] The couple moved to Palestine in 1921 together with her sister Sheyna.
In Palestine, the couple joined a kibbutz. Their initial application to kibbutz Merhavia in the Jezreel Valley was rejected, but in the end they were accepted. Her duties included picking almonds, planting trees, working in the chicken coops and running the kitchen. Recognizing her leadership abilities, the kibbutz chose her as its representative to the Histadrut, the General Federation of Labour. In 1924, she and her husband left the kibbutz and resided briefly in Tel Aviv before settling in Jerusalem. There they had two children, a son Menachem (born 1924) and a daughter Sarah (born 1926). In 1928, she was elected secretary of Moetzet HaPoalot (Working Women’s Council), which required her to spend two years (1932–34) as an emissary in the United States. The children went with her, but Morris stayed in Jerusalem. Morris and Golda grew apart and eventually divorced. Morris died in 1951.
In 1934, when Meir returned from the United States, she joined the Executive Committee of the Histadrut and moved up the ranks to become head of its Political Department. This appointment was important training for her future role in Israeli leadership.
In July 1938, Meir was the Jewish observer from
Palestine at the
Évian Conference, called by
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss the question of
Jewish refugees fleeing
Nazi persecution. Delegates from the 32 invited countries repeatedly expressed their sorrow for the plight of the European Jews but made excuses as to why their countries could not help by admitting the refugees. Meir was disappointed at the outcome and remarked to the press, "There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy anymore."
In January 1948, the treasurer of the Jewish Agency was convinced that Israel would not be able to raise more than $7–8 million from the American Jewish community.[4] Meir traveled to the United States and managed to raise $50 million, which was used to purchase arms in Europe for the nascent state. Ben-Gurion wrote that Meir’s role as the "Jewish woman who got the money which made the state possible," would go down one day in the history books.
On 10 May 1948, four days before the official establishment of the state, Meir traveled to Amman disguised as an Arab woman for a secret meeting with King Abdullah of Transjordan at which she urged him not to join the other Arab countries in attacking the Jews. Abdullah asked her not to hurry to proclaim a state. Golda, known for her acerbic wit, replied: "We've been waiting for 2,000 years. Is that hurrying?"
As
head of the Jewish Agency Political Department, Meir called the
mass exodus of Arabs before the War of Independence in 1948 as "dreadful" and likened it to what had befallen the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe.
Meir was one of twenty-four signatories (two of them women) of
the Israeli declaration of independence on 14 May 1948. She later recalled, "After I signed, I cried. When I studied American history as a schoolgirl and I read about those who signed the
Declaration of Independence, I couldn't imagine these were real people doing something real. And there I was sitting down and signing a declaration of establishment."
Israel was attacked the next day by the joint armies of
Egypt,
Syria,
Lebanon,
Transjordan, and
Iraq in the
1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Armed with the first Israeli-issued passport,
Meir was appointed Israel’s ambassador to the
Soviet Union. During her brief stint there, which ended in 1949, she attended high holiday services at the synagogue in
Moscow, where she was mobbed by
thousands of Russian Jews chanting her name. The Israeli 10,000
shekel banknote issued in November 1984 bore a portrait of Meir on one side and the image of the crowd that turned out to cheer her in Moscow on the other.
In 1949, Meir was
elected to the Knesset as a member of
Mapai and served continuously until 1974. From 1949 to 1956, she
served as Minister of Labour, introducing major housing and road construction projects.
In 1955, on Ben Gurion's instructions, she stood for the position of mayor of Tel Aviv. She lost by the two votes of the religious bloc who withheld their support on the grounds that she was a woman.
In 1956, she became Foreign Minister under Prime Minister
David Ben-Gurion. Her predecessor,
Moshe Sharett, had asked all members of the foreign service to
Hebraicize their last names. Upon her appointment as foreign minister, she shortened "Meyerson" to "Meir," which means "illuminate." As Foreign Minister, Meir promoted ties with the newly-established states in Africa in an effort
to gain allies in the international community. But she also believed that Israel had experience in nation-building that could be a model for the Africans. In her autobiography, she wrote: "Like them, we had shaken off foreign rule; like them, we had to learn for ourselves how to reclaim the land, how to increase the yields of our crops, how to irrigate, how to raise poultry, how to live together, and how to defend ourselves." Israel could be a role model because it "had been forced to find solutions to the kinds of problems that large, wealthy, powerful states had never encountered."
After Levi Eshkol’s sudden death on 26 February 1969, the party elected Meir as his successor. Meir came out of retirement to take office on 17 March 1969, serving as prime minister until 1974. Meir maintained the coalition government formed in 1967, after the Six-Day War, in which Mapai merged with two other parties (Rafi and Ahdut HaAvoda) to form the Israel Labour party.
In 1969 and the early 1970s, Meir met with many world leaders to promote her vision of peace in the Middle East, including Richard Nixon (1969), Nicolae Ceausescu (1972) and Pope Paul VI (1973). In 1973, she hosted the chancellor of West Germany, Willy Brandt in Israel.
In August 1970, Meir accepted a U.S. peace initiative that called for an end to the
War of Attrition and an Israeli pledge to withdraw to "secure and recognized boundaries" in the framework of a comprehensive peace settlement. The
Gahal party quit the national unity government in protest, but Meir continued to lead the remaining coalition.
In the wake of the
Munich massacre at the
1972 Summer Olympics, Meir appealed to the world to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed."
Outraged at the perceived lack of global action, she
ordered the Mossad to hunt down and assassinate the Black September and
PFLP operatives who took part in the massacre.
The 1986 TV film
Sword of Gideon, based on the book
Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team by
George Jonas, and
Steven Spielberg’s movie
Munich (2005) were loosely based on these events.
In the days leading up to the Yom Kippur War, Israeli intelligence was not able to determine conclusively that an attack was imminent. However, on 5 October 1973, Meir received official news that Syrian forces were massing on the Golan Heights. The prime minister was alarmed by the reports, and felt that the situation reminded her of what happened before the Six Day War. Her advisers, however, assured her not to worry, saying that they would have adequate notice before a war broke out. This made sense at the time, since after the Six Day War, most Israelis felt it unlikely that Arabs would attack again. Consequently, although a resolution was passed granting her power to demand a full-scale call-up of the military (instead of the typical cabinet decision), Meir did not mobilize Israel’s forces early. Soon, though, war became very clear. Six hours before the outbreak of hostilities, Meir met with Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and general David Elazar. While Dayan continued to argue that war was unlikely and thus was in favor of calling up the air force and only two divisions, Elazar advocated launching a full-scale pre-emptive strike on Syrian forces.
Meir sided with Dayan, citing Israel’s need for foreign aid. She believed that Israel could not depend on European countries to supply Israel with military equipment, and the only country that might come to Israel’s assistance was the
United States. Fearing that the U.S. would be wary of intervening if Israel were perceived as initiating the hostilities, Meir decided against a pre-emptive strike. She made it a priority to inform Washington of her decision. Then-U.S. Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger later confirmed Meir’s assessment by stating that if Israel had launched a pre-emptive strike, Israel would not have received "so much as a nail."
Following the Yom Kippur War, Meir’s government was plagued by in-fighting and questions over Israel’s lack of preparedness for the war. The Agranat Commission appointed to investigate the war cleared her of "direct responsibility", and related to her actions on Yom Kippur morning;
| “ | she decided wisely, with common sense and speedily, in favour of the full mobilization of the reserves, as recommended by the chief-of-staff, despite weighty political considerations, thereby performing a most important service for the defence of the state. | ” |
Her party won the elections in December 1973, but she resigned on 11 April 1974, bowing to what she felt was the "will of the people." and what she felt was a sufficient premiership as well as the pending pressures of forming a coalition; "Five years are sufficient...It is beyond my strength to continue carrying this burden."Yitzhak Rabin succeeded her on 3 June 1974.
In 1975, she published her autobiography,
My Life. In the same year, Meir was awarded the
Israel Prize for her special contribution to society and the State of Israel.
On 8 December 1978, Meir died of
cancer in
Jerusalem at the age of 80.
She was buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem on 12 December 1978.
Golda Meir (héberül: גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר) Izrael állam alapítóinak egyike, 1969 és 1974 között Izrael miniszterelnöke, a világ harmadik női miniszterelnöke, külügyminiszter, munkaügyi miniszter. Az izraeli politika vasladyje, akiről David Ben-Gurion miniszterelnök egyszer talalóan azt mondta: „Golda az egyetlen igazi férfi a kormányomban.”
Golda Mabovits Kijevben született, amely akkor az Orosz Birodalom része volt. Korai emlékei szerint apja gyakran deszkázta be az ajtót, hogy megvédje családját a pogromoktól, melyek akkor sokszor sújtották a zsidókat Ukrajnában. Két életben maradt testvérével együtt mindig éhesek voltak és fáztak, másik öt testvére még gyermekkorában meghalt. 1903-ban apja kivándorolt az Amerikai Egyesült Államokba és 1906-ban a család otthon maradt része is követte. Wisconsin államban Milwaukee-ben telepedtek le. Milwaukee-ben Golda apja ácsként dolgozott, anyja pedig egy fűszerüzletet vezetett. Amikor Golda 14 éves lett anyja azt akarta, hogy hagyja abba a tanulást és menjen férjhez egy idősebb emberhez. A lány fellázadt és elmenekült. Denver-be ment, ahol nővére Sheyna élt és ott találkozott későbbi férjével Morris Myersonnal.
18 évesen apja sürgetésére visszatért Milwaukee-be ahol a zsidó ifjúsági mozgalom a Habonim tagja lett. Az összejöveteleken gyakran vett részt és nemsokára a mozgalom egyik meghatározó személyisége lett. Ilyen találkozókra gyakran hívtak meg palesztinai zsidó vendégeket is akik beszámoltak az ottani zsidóság küzdelmeiről. Golda tanulmányait ekkor már a Wisconsin-Milwaukee Egyetemen folytatta. 1915-ben formálisan csatlakozott a cionista munkásszervezethez. Golda és Morris 1917-ben esküdött egymásnak örök hűséget és nemsokára elhatározták, hogy az akkor brit mandátum alatt levő Palesztinában fognak letelepedni. A fiatal pár és Seyna 1921-ben érkezett Palesztinába.
Golda és Morris már előre elhatározták, hogy egy kibucban szeretnének dolgozni ezért a Merhavia kibuchoz csatlakoztak. A kezdeti nehézségek után végül beilleszkedtek a kibuc életébe. A kibucban a legkülönfélébb gazdasági munkákat végezték, kertészkedtek, fákat ültettek, csirkéket neveltek, konyhamunkát végeztek. Golda csakhamar a kibuc vezető személyisége lett, így a kibuc megválasztotta őt a Hisztadrut munkásszövetség képviselőjének. 1924-ben férje belefáradt az ottani életbe és elhagyták a kibucot. Ekkor Tel-Avivba mentek, majd Jeruzsálemben telepedtek le, ahol két gyermekük született Menachem és Sarah. 1928-ban Goldát a Hisztadrut titkárává választották. Ez azt követelte tőle, hogy Tel-Avivba menjen, míg családja Jeruzsálemben maradt. Külön költöztek ugyan, de sohasem váltak el. Morris 1951-ben halt meg.
Golda egyre inkább a Hisztadrut befolyásos embere lett, amely közben valóságos zsidó árnyékkormánnyá nőtte ki magát. 1946-ban a britek leverték a palesztinai cionista mozgalmat és sok vezetőjét letartóztatták. Golda azonban elkerülte a letartóztatást és a mozgalom vezetője lett. Ügyes politikával egyensúlyozott a brit közigazgatás és az egyre terebélyesedő földalatti cionista mozgalom között, miközben mindkettővel tárgyalt és tartotta a kapcsolatot.
1948. május 14-én Golda Meir egyike volt annak a huszonnégy politikusnak, akik kézjegyükkel elláthatták Izrael Állam függetlenségi nyilatkozatát. Erre később így emlékezett:Miután aláírtam sírtam. Amikor iskolás gyerekként az amerikai történelmet tanultam azokról is olvastam akik aláírták az Amerikai Egyesült Államok függetlenségi nyilatkozatát. Olyan hihetetlen volt, hogy azok valódi emberek voltak és az valóban megtörtént. És akkor én is ott ültem és aláírtam a függetlenségi nyilatkozatot.
Az öröm azonban nem tartott sokáig, mert Egyiptom, Szíria, Libanon, Transzjordánia és Irak már másnap megtámadta az új államot. Ekkor Golda az első izraeli útlevéllel az Egyesült Államokba ment, hogy pénzt gyűjtsön a védekezéshez. Útja rendkívül sikeres volt és a gyűjtött adományokból a fiatal állam fegyverekhez jutott amivel visszaverte a támadást. Visszatérte után ő lett Izrael első moszkvai nagykövete. Később is szívesen emlékezett vissza az orosz zsidók szeretetére amivel ottani rövid működése alatt elhalmozták.
1949-től 1956-ig Izrael munkaügyi minisztere volt, majd 1956-tól David Ben-Gurion kormányának külügyminisztere. 1965-ben betegségére és kimerültségére hivatkozva lemondott és visszatért az egyszerű polgári életbe. Az izraeli politika azonban nem sokáig tudta őt nélkülözni és az Izraeli Munkapárt főtitkára lett. 1968-ban, nyolc hónappal később azonban nyugalomba vonult. 1969. február 25-én Lévi Eskol hirtelen halála után pártja őt választotta meg miniszterelnökké. Amikor miniszterelnök lett, Izrael az 1967-es hatnapos háborúban aratott győzelem eufóriájában élt. Ezért nem látta értelmét, hogy a palesztinokkal érdemben tárgyaljon a megszállt területekről. Sokat idézett mondása szerint:
"A béke akkor jön el, ha majd az arabok jobban szeretik gyermekeiket annál, ahogy minket utálnak."
Kormányzását mindazonáltal a koalíción belüli harcok és nézeteltérések kísérték végig, melyeket biztos kézzel igyekezett mederben tartani. 1973-ban, kormányzása legvégén tört ki a jom kippuri háború, melyből Izrael újra győztesen került ki. 1974. április 11-én lemondott a kormányfői tisztségről, melyben Jitzak Rabin követte. 80 évesen hunyt el Jeruzsálemben és a Herzl-hegyen temették el.
Jan Fischer (born 2 January 1951) is the Prime Minister of the caretaker government of Czech Republic since 8 May 2009. A lifelong statistician, he was previously the president of the Czech Statistical Office since April 2003.
Jan Fischer (Prága, 1951. január 2. –) politikus, Csehország kijelölt miniszterelnöke 2009. április 9. óta. Ezt megelőzően a Cseh Statisztikai Hivatal elnöke volt 2003-tól.
.jpg)
