and was one of the most successful artists of the twentieth century. He forged a unique career in virtually every artistic medium, including paintings, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramics, tapestries and fine art prints. Chagall's haunting, exuberant, and poetic images have enjoyed universal appeal, and art critic
As a pioneer of modernism and one of the greatest figurative artists of the twentieth century, Marc Chagall achieved fame and fortune, and over the course of a long career created some of the best-known and most-loved paintings of our time. According to art historian Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was considered to be “the last survivor of the first generation of European
.” For decades he “had also been respected as the world’s preeminent Jewish artist.” He also accepted many non-Jewish commissions, including a
.
. During this period he created his own mixture and style of modern art based on his visions of
Jewish folk culture. He spent his wartime years in Russia, and the
of 1917 brought Chagall both opportunity and peril. He was by now one of the
. He founded the
Arts College, which was considered the most distinguished school of art in the Soviet Union. However, "Chagall was considered a non-person by the Soviets because he was Jewish and a painter whose work did not celebrate the heroics of the Soviet people." As a result, he soon moved to Paris with his wife, never to return.
He was known to have two basic reputations, writes Lewis - as a pioneer of modernism, and as a major Jewish artist. He experienced modernism’s golden age in Paris, where “he synthesized the art forms of
.” Yet throughout these phases of his style "he remained most emphatically a Jewish artist, whose work was one long dreamy reverie of life in his native village of Vitebsk."
remarked in the 1950s, “Chagall will be the only painter left who understands what color really is.”
Marc Chagall was born in
Liozno, near
Vitebsk, now in
Belarus, the eldest of nine children in a close-knit
Jewish family led by his father Khatskl (Zakhar) Shagal, a
herring merchant, and his mother, Feige-Ite. This period of his life, described as happy though impoverished, appears in references throughout Chagall's work. The family home on Pokrovskaya Street is now the Marc Chagall Museum.
He began studying painting in 1906 with a local artist,
Yehuda Pen. In 1907, he moved to
St. Petersburg. There he joined the school of the Society of Art Supporters and studied under
Nikolai Roerich. It was here that he was exposed to experimental theater and the work of such artists as
Gauguin.
[5] From 1908-1910 Chagall studied under
Leon Bakst at the Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting.
This was a difficult period for Chagall; at the time, Jewish residents were only allowed to live in St. Petersburg with a permit, and the artist was jailed for a brief period for an infringement of this restriction. Despite this, Chagall remained in St. Petersburg until 1910, and regularly visited his home town where, in 1909, he met his future wife,
Bella Rosenfeld.
After gaining a reputation as an artist, Chagall left St. Petersburg to settle in Paris to be near the burgeoning art community in the
Montparnasse district, where he developed friendships with such
avant-garde luminaries as
Guillaume Apollinaire,
Robert Delaunay, and
Fernand Léger. In 1914, he returned to Vitebsk and, a year later, married his fiancée, Bella. While in Russia,
World War I erupted and, in 1916, the Chagalls had their first child, a daughter named Ida.
Chagall became an active participant in the
Russian Revolution of 1917. Although the
Soviet Ministry of Culture made him a
Commissar of Art for the Vitebsk region, where he founded
Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art and an
art school, he did not fare well politically under the Soviet system. "Chagall was considered a non-person by the Soviets because he was Jewish and a painter whose work did not celebrate the heroics of the Soviet people."
[6] He and his wife moved back to Paris in 1922.
During this period, Chagall wrote articles, poetry and his memoirs (in
Yiddish,) which were published mainly in newspapers (and only posthumously in book-form). Chagall became a French citizen in 1937.
With the
Nazi occupation of France during
World War II and the deportation of
Jews, the Chagalls fled Paris, seeking asylum at Villa Air-Bel in
Marseille, where the American
journalist Varian Fry assisted in their escape from France through
Spain and
Portugal. In 1941, the Chagalls settled in the
United States where he lived until 1948 (his wife Bella died in 1944.)
His wife Bella, who appears in many of his paintings, bore him one child, Ida and then died on September 2, 1944. Bella and Ida appeared in many of his early and most famous paintings. In 1945, he began a relationship with his housekeeper Virginia Haggard McNeil, with whom he had a son, David. In the 1950s, they moved to a villa in Provence.
[7] Virginia left him in 1952, and Chagall married Valentina Brodsky (whom he called "Vava").
Chagall had a complex relationship with Judaism. On the one hand, he credited his Russian Jewish cultural background as being crucial to his artistic imagination. But however ambivalent he was about his religion, he could not avoid drawing upon his Jewish past for artistic material. As an adult, he was not a practicing Jew, but through his paintings and stained glass, he continually tried to suggest a more "universal message," using both Jewish and Christian themes.
He traveled several times to Greece and visited
Israel in 1957. During this time, he rediscovered a free and vibrant use of color. His works of this period are dedicated to love and the joy of life, with curved, sinuous figures. He also began to work in sculpture, ceramics, and stained glass.
In a recent book review of Chagall's biography, author Serena Davies writes, "By the time he died in France in 1985 - the last surviving master of European modernism, outliving Joan Miró by two years - he had experienced at first hand the high hopes and crushing disappointments of the Russian revolution, and had witnessed the end of the Pale, the near annihilation of European Jewry, and the obliteration of Vitebsk, his home town, where only 118 of a population of 240,000 survived the Second World War."
She later adds that the book "leaves us finally with an image of a man who came from nowhere to achieve world-wide acclaim. Yet his fractured relationship with his Jewish identity - he was physically divorced from his homeland, and he wasn't a practising Jew - was unresolved and tragic. He would have died with no Jewish rites, had not a stranger stepped forward and said the kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead, over his coffin."
Chagall took inspiration from Belarusian folk-life, and portrayed many Biblical themes that reflected his Jewish heritage. In 1950 he began experimenting with graphic mediums. After meeting with
Fernand Mourlot, he often visited
Mourlot Studios where he eventually produced close to a thousand different lithographic editions. With the assistance of
Charles Sorlier, a master printer working at Mourlot, he spent 30 years exploring the graphic medium that most lends itself to color representation. Charles Sorlier also became one of his closest friends, assistant and counsel until the day of his death.
Chagall's artworks are difficult to categorize. Working in the pre-World War I Paris art world, he was involved with
avant-garde currents, however, his work was consistently on the fringes of popular art movements and emerging trends, including
Cubism and
Fauvism, among others. He was closely associated with the
Paris School and its exponents, including
Amedeo Modigliani.
Abounding with references to his childhood, Chagall's work has also been criticized for slighting some of the turmoil which he experienced. He communicates happiness and optimism to those who view his work strictly in terms of his use of highly vivid colors. Chagall often posed himself, sometimes together with his wife, as an observer of a colored world like that seen through a stained-glass window. Some see
The White Crucifixion, which is rich with intriguing detail, as a denunciation of the Stalin regime, the Nazi Holocaust, and the oppression of Jews in general.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Russian Jewish theater became a catalyst for modernist experimentation. Chagall and other artists were hired to produce theater sets and costumes combining Russian folk art with elements of Cubo-Futurism and Constructivism.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Chagall engaged in a series of large-scale projects involving public spaces and important civic and religious buildings. For example, 200,000 visitors a year visit St. Stephen’s cathedral in Mainz, Germany. "Tourists from the whole world pilgrim up St. Stephen’s Mount, to the glowing blue stained glass windows by the artist Marc Chagall," states the city's web site. "St. Stephen’s is the only German church for which the Jewish artist Marc Chagall (1887 - 1985) created windows."
The website also states, “The colours address our vital consciousness directly, because they tell of optimism, hope and delight in life”, says Monsignor Klaus Mayer, who imparts Chagall’s work in mediations and books. He established contact with Chagall in 1973, and succeeded in persuading the “master of colour and the biblical message” to set a sign for Jewish-Christian attachment and international understanding in the east chancel. In 1978, the first Chagall window by the then 91-year-old artist was fitted. A further eight followed, six for the east chancel and three in the transept."
[10]In 1960, he created
stained glass windows for the
synagogue of the
Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital in
Jerusalem. During the
Six-Day War the
hospital came under severe attack, placing Chagall's work under threat. In response to this, Chagall wrote a letter from France stating "I am not worried about the windows, only about the safety of Israel. Let Israel be safe and I will make you lovelier windows." Luckily, most of the panels were removed in time, with only one sustaining severe damage. In 1973, Israel issued a series of stamps featuring the Chagall windows, which depict the
Twelve tribes.
The U.N. public lobby has a stained-glass window designed by Chagall and was a gift from United Nations as well as Marc Chagall himself. It was presented in 1964 as a memorial to Dag Hammarskjold, the second Secretary-General of the UN, and fifteen other people who died with him in a plane crash in 1961.
The U.N. website describes the stained glass a "memorial, which is about 15 feet wide and 12 feet high, contains several symbols of peace and love, such as the young child in the center being kissed by an angelic face which emerges from a mass of flowers. On the left, below and above motherhood and the people who are struggling for peace are depicted. Musical symbols in the panel evoke thoughts of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which was a favourite of Mr. Hammarskjold's.".
Chagall also designed tapestries which were woven under the direction of Yvette Cauquil-Prince, who also collaborated with
Picasso. These tapestries are much rarer than his paintings, with only 40 of them ever reaching the commercial market.
[12]Chagall designed three tapestries for the state hall of the
Knesset in
Israel, along with 12 floor mosaics and a wall mosaic.
In 1930, Chagall was commissioned to do a series of Bible prints by Parisian art dealer Ambroise Vollard. Chagall spent three months in
Palestine to paint preparatory gouaches. He completed 66 of the plates by 1939, and returned to the project 13 years later, after the
Holocaust. These hand-colored etchings, completed in 1956, illustrated scenes from the Old Testament in Chagall's unique style.
Like
Picasso, Chagall worked on ceramics. However, none of Chagall's pieces were made into editions and they are exceedingly rare and can be seen in only a few museums throughout the world.
Chagall's work is housed in a variety of locations, including the
Palais Garnier (the old opera house), the
Chase Tower Plaza of
downtown Chicago, the
Metropolitan Opera, the
Metz Cathedral,
Notre-Dame de Reims, the
Fraumünster abbey in
Zürich, Switzerland, the
Church of St. Stephan in
Mainz, Germany and the Biblical Message museum in Nice, France, which Chagall helped to design.
The only church in England with a complete set of Chagall window-glass is located in the tiny village of
Tudeley, in
Kent, England. Chagall painted 12 colorful stained-glass windows in Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem in Jerusalem, with each frame depicting a different tribe. In the United States, the Union Church of Pocantico Hills contains a set of Chagall windows commemorating the prophets, which was commissioned by John D. Rockefeller, Jr..
At the
Lincoln Center in New York City, Chagall's huge
murals, The Sources of Music and The Triumph of Music, are installed in the lobby of the new
Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1966. Also in New York, the
United Nations Headquarters has a
stained glass wall of his work. In 1967 the UN commemorated this artwork with a
postage stamp and
souvenir sheet.
In 1973, the Musée National Message Biblique Marc Chagall (Chagall Museum) opened in
Nice, France. The museum in
Vitebsk which bears his name was founded in 1997, in the building where his family lived, although, prior to his death, years before the fall of the
Soviet Bloc, Chagall was
persona non grata in his homeland. The museum has only copies of his work.
In 2007, an
exhibition of his work, “Chagall of Miracles,” at
Il Complesso del Vittoriano, included the Red Jew (1915), Above the City (1914-1918), Composition with Circles and Goat (1920), and The Fall of the Angel (1923-1947). Despite the fact that he was a Jew, he employed Christian iconography. He was also a dreamer whose works touched on the harsh realities of war and persecution. The works in this exhibition highlighted these aspects of Chagall's work.
Marc Chagall (Moise Zaharovics Sagalov, másként Moishe Segal, oroszul: Марк Захарович Шагал, Мойше Хацкелевич Сегалов) (
Vityebszk,
Oroszország,
1887.
július 7. – Saint-Paul de Vence,
Franciaország,
1985.
március 28.) belorusz–zsidó származású honosított francia festőművész, a modern festészet egyik legkiemelkedőbb alakja.
Apja heringkereskedő, anyja eladó volt Vityebszkben. Életének e szakaszára mint szegény, de boldog időszakra utal a későbbi műveiben.
1906-ban kezdett festészetet tanulni Yehuda Penn, egy helybeli művész keze alatt, majd néhány hónappal később,
1907-ben
Szentpétervárra költözött és különböző iskolákban festészetet tanult. Nyikoláj Rörich (Николай Рёрих) volt a mestere a Művészettámogatók Társaságának iskolájában, ahol találkozhatott minden festészeti iskola és stílus képviselőjével.
1908 és
1910 között a Zvanceva magániskolában Leon Bakst volt a mestere. 1910-ig élt Szentpéterváron, ahol zsidók csak engedéllyel tartózkodhattak, egyszer egy rövid időre bebörtönözték. Rendszeresen visszalátogatott szülőfalujába, ahol 1909-ben megismerkedett későbbi feleségével, Bella Rosenfelddel, egy jómódú ékszerész lányával.
1910–
1914 között támogatója, Vinaver ösztöndíjának köszönhetően Párizsban élt, a Montparnasse közelében. Barátja lett – többek között –
Guillaume Apollinaire,
Robert Delaunay és
Fernand Léger. Részt vett a
Sturm 1914-es
berlini kiállításán, és azonnal ismert festővé vált. Visszatért Vityebszkbe, és
1915-ben feleségül vette menyasszonyát, Bellát, akitől
1916-ban lánya született, Ida.
Az
első világháborúban katonáskodott.
1917-ben a Párizsból ismert
Lunacsarszkij Vityebszk kerület művészeti népbiztosává nevezte ki. A politizálás nem tetszett neki, így
1919-ben már
Moszkvában dolgozott, az Állami Zsidó Színháznál, majd
1923 őszén a családjával
Párizsba költözött.
1937-ben megkapta a francia állampolgárságot. A náci megszállás elől egy ideig Marseille-ben rejtőztek, majd Spanyolországon és Portugálián át Amerikába menekültek.
1941 és
1947 között
New Yorkban élt.
1944. szeptember 2-án meghalt felesége, szeretett társa, alkotásainak visszatérő alakja.
1946-ban visszatért Európába, és
1949-ben a franciaországi
Vence-ban telepedett le. Életének ezen intenzív szakaszában újra felfedezte az élénk, vibráló, életteli színeket; az alkotásai témáit a szerelem és az életöröm adta. Ekkor kezdett el foglalkozni szobrászattal, kerámiával, üvegfestéssel.
1952-ben újra megnősült, felesége Valentina Brodsky lett. Többször utazott
Görögországba és
Izraelbe.
1960-ban alkotta a
jeruzsálemi Hadassa egyetemi klinika zsinagógájának üvegablakait.
1973-ban
Nizzában megnyílt a Musée National Message Biblique Marc Chagall (Chagall Múzeum). A nevét viselő vityebszki múzeumot csak
1997-ben alapították, az egykori lakóházában – a szovjet időkben Chagall nemkívánatos személy volt. Itt csupán műveinek másolata látható.
Chagall nem sorolható be a
századeleji avantgárd egyik irányzatába sem. Ugyanakkor hatása kétségtelenül nagy volt mind a
szürrealistákra, mind az
expresszionistákra.
Emlékképeket, bensőjén átszűrt meseszerű fantáziavilágot, és nem a látható valóságot ábrázolta. Műveiben a szereplő emberek, állatok, tárgyak szimbolikus értelműek. Életműve elsősorban ifjúsága emlékeiből táplálkozik, Vityebszk zsidónegyedének rituális életéből, a szegénység vidám, szomorú költészetéből.
Művészetét általában három szakaszra bontják. Az első az
1907–
10 közötti korszak, amelyben tematikáját sötét színekkel, hagyományos eszközökkel jeleníti meg.
1911-től a
kubista térarchitektúra és a modern színelmélet szabályai szerint ábrázol. Az
1930-as évektől pedig jelképei (szárnyas óra, gyertyatartó, szerelmespár, kecske, hal, …) minden formai kötöttség nélküli szabadsággal, ugyanakkor lelki viharokkal telve kerülnek a képre.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (10 February 1890 – 30 May 1960) was a Nobel Prize-winning Russian and Soviet poet, novelist and translator of Goethe and Shakespeare. In Russia, Pasternak is most celebrated as a poet. My Sister Life, written in 1917, is arguably the most influential collection of poetry published in the Russian language in the 20th century. In the West he is best known for his epic novel Doctor Zhivago, a tragedy whose events span the last period of the Russian Empire and the early days of the Soviet Union. It was first translated and published in Italy in 1957. He helped give birth to the dissident movement with the publication of Doctor Zhivago.
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