2008. december 26., péntek

David Ben-Gurion

David Ben-Gurion (Hebrew: דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרְיּוֹן‎, born David Grün on 16 October 1886, died 1 December 1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, culminated in his instrumental role in the founding of the state of Israel. After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helped build the state institutions and oversaw the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. Upon retiring from political life in 1970, he moved to Sde Boker, where he lived until his death. Posthumously, Ben-Gurion was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Important People of the Century.
Ben-Gurion was born in Płońsk, Congress Poland which was then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Avigdor Grün was a lawyer and a leader in the Hovevei Zion movement. His mother, Scheindel, passed away when he was 11 years old.
Ben-Gurion grew up to be an ardent Zionist. As a student at the University of Warsaw, he joined the Marxist Poale Zion movement in 1904. He was arrested twice during the Russian Revolution of 1905. He immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1906, shocked by the pogroms and anti-Semitism of life in Eastern Europe, and became a major leader of Poale Zion with Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.
In Palestine, he first worked in agriculture, picking oranges. In 1902 he volunteered with HaShomer, a force of volunteers who helped guard isolated Jewish agricultural communities. In 1912 he moved to Turkey to study law at Istanbul University together with Ben-Zvi and adopted the Hebrew name Ben-Gurion, after the medieval historian Yosef ben Gurion. He also worked as a journalist. In 1915, Ben-Gurion and Ben-Zvi were expelled from Palestine, then under Ottoman rule, for their political activities.
Settling in New York City in 1915, he met Russian-born Paula Munweis. They were married in 1917, and had three children. He joined the British Army in 1918 as part of the 38th Battalion of the Jewish Legion (following the Balfour Declaration in November 1917). He and his family returned to Palestine after World War I following its capture by the British from the Ottoman Empire.
After the death of theorist Ber Borochov, the left-wing and right-wing of Poale Zion split in 1919 with Ben-Gurion and his friend Berl Katznelson leading the right faction of the Labor Zionist movement. In 1920 he assisted in the formation and subsequently became general secretary of the Histadrut, the Zionist Labor Federation in Palestine. In 1930, Poale Zion Right and Ahdut HaAvoda joined forces to create Mapai, the more right-wing Zionist labor party (it was still a left-wing organization, but not as far left as other factions) under Ben-Gurion's leadership. The left-wing of Labour Zionism was represented by Mapam. Labor Zionism became the dominant tendency in the World Zionist Organization and in 1935 Ben-Gurion became chairman of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, a role he kept until the creation of the state of Israel in 1948.
During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, Ben-Gurion instigated a policy of restraint ("Havlagah") in which the Haganah and other Jewish groups did not retaliate for Arab attacks against Jewish civilians, concentrating only on self-defence. In 1937, the Peel Commission recommended partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab areas and Ben-Gurion supported this policy. This led to conflict with Jabotinsky who opposed partition and as a result Jabotinsky's supporters split with the Haganah and abandoned Havlagah.
Ben-Gurion had a realistic view of the strong attachment of Palestinian Arabs to the land. In 1938 he said: 'In our political argument abroad we minimize Arab opposition to us. But let us not ignore the truth among ourselves. [...] A people which fights against the usurpation of its land will not tire so easily.'[1] According to Flapan, Ben-Gurion's assessment of Arab feelings led him to emphasize the need to build up Jewish military strength: 'I believe in our power, in our power which will grow, and if it will grow agreement will come...'.[2]
The British 1939 White paper stipulated that Jewish immigration to Palestine was to be limited to 15,000 a year for the first five years, and would subsequently be contingent on Arab consent. Restrictions were also placed on the rights of Jews to buy land from Arabs. After this Ben-Gurion changed his policy towards the British, stating: "Peace in Palestine is not the best situation for thwarting the policy of the White Paper".[3] Ben-Gurion believed a peaceful solution with the Arabs had no chance and soon began preparing the Yishuv for war. According to Teveth 'through his campaign to mobilize the Yishuv in support of the British war effort, he strove to build the nucleus of a "Hebrew army", and his success in this endeavor later brought victory to Zionism in the struggle to establish a Jewish state.'[4]
During the Second World War, Ben-Gurion encouraged Palestine's Jews to volunteer for the British Army. He famously told Jews to "support the British as if there is no White Paper and oppose the White Paper as if there is no war".[5] About 10% of the Jewish population of Palestine volunteered for the British Army, including many women. At the same time Ben-Gurion helped the illegal immigration of thousands of European Jewish refugees to Palestine during a period when the British placed heavy restrictions on Jewish immigration.
In 1946 Ben-Gurion agreed that the Haganah could cooperate with Menachem Begin's Irgun in fighting the British. Ben-Gurion initially agreed to Begin's plan to carry out the 1946 King David Hotel bombing, with the intent of embarrassing (rather than killing) the British military stationed there. However, when the risks of mass killing became apparent, Ben-Gurion told Begin to call the operation off; Begin refused.[6]
Illegal Jewish migration led to pressure on the British to either allow Jewish migration (as required by the League of Nations Mandate) or quit - they did the latter in 1948 on the heels of a United Nations resolution partitioning the territory between the Jews and Arabs.
In September 1947 Ben Gurion reached a status quo agreement with the Orthodox Agudat Yisrael party. He sent a letter to Agudat Yisrael promising that the Shabbat would be Israel's official day of rest, there would be no civil marriages, and the Orthodox sector would be granted autonomy in the sphere of religious education.
Ben Gurion declared the establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948. In the Israeli declaration of independence, he stressed that the new nation would "uphold the full social and political equality of all its citizens, without distinction of race, creed or gender."
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Ben-Gurion oversaw the nascent state's military operations. During the first weeks of Israel's independence, he ordered all militias to be replaced by one national army, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). To that end, Ben-Gurion gave the order to sink on the Altalena, a ship carrying arms purchased by the Irgun. About 16 Irgun fighters were killed in this attack.
Ben-Gurion believed that the sparsely populated and barren Negev desert offered a great opportunity for the Jews to settle in Palestine with minimal obstruction of the Arab population. He set a personal example by choosing to settle in kibbutz Sde Boker at the centre of the Negev and established the National Water Carrier to bring water to the area. He saw the struggle to make the desert bloom as an area where the Jewish people could make a major contribution to humanity as a whole.
As head of the Jewish Agency, Ben-Gurion was de-facto leader of Israel's Jews even before the state was declared. In this position, Ben-Gurion played a major role in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the resulting Palestinian exodus. In a study published in 1988 and revisited in 2003 and 2008,[9] Benny Morris studied the events that lead to the Palestinian exodus. Among the different causes, he suggests that Ben Gurion and the Haganah leadership expelled Arab civilians from the area between Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv in March-April 1948 in an effort to remove hostile Palestinian-Arab towns and villages from Jewish controlled areas before the start of the Arab invasion which was expected when the British left in May. In an interview with Ha'aretz in 2003, Morris affirmed that Ben Gurion had probably ordered the expulsion of Palestinians from Lydda and from villages attacked during Operation Hiram in October 1948.
Ben-Gurion led Israel during its War of Independence. He became Prime Minister on 14 May 1948 and would remain in that post until 1963, except for a period of nearly two years between 1954 and 1955. As Premier, he oversaw the establishment of the state's institutions. He presided over various national projects aimed at the rapid development of the country and its population: Operation Magic Carpet, the airlift of Jews from Arab countries, the construction of the National Water Carrier, rural development projects and the establishment of new towns and cities. In particular, he called for pioneering settlement in outlying areas, especially in the Negev.
In 1953 Ben-Gurion announced his intention to withdraw from government and settle in kibbutz Sde Boker, in the Negev. He had a major role in the reprisal operations that lead to the Qibya massacre at the end of 1953. He returned to office in 1955 assuming the post of Defense Minister and later prime minister.
When Ben-Gurion returned to government, Israeli forces responded more aggressively to Palestinian guerilla attacks from Gaza—still under Egyptian rule. The growing cycle of violence led Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser to build up his arms with the help of the Soviet Union. The Israelis responded by arming themselves with help from France. Nasser blocked the passage of Israeli ships through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. In July 1956, America and Britain withdrew their offer to fund the Aswan High Dam project on the Nile and a week later Nasser ordered the nationalization of the French and British controlled Suez Canal.[citation needed] Ben-Gurion collaborated with the British and French to plan the 1956 Sinai War in which Israel stormed the Sinai Peninsula thus giving British and French forces a pretext to intervene in order to secure the Suez Canal. Intervention by the United States and the United Nations forced the British and French to back down and Israel to withdraw from Sinai in return for promises of free navigation through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. A UN force was stationed between Egypt and Israel.
Ben-Gurion stepped down as prime minister for what he described as personal reasons in 1963, and chose Levi Eshkol as his successor. A year later a rivalry developed between the two on the issue of the Lavon Affair. Ben-Gurion broke with the party in June 1965 over Eshkol's handling of the Lavon affair and formed a new party, Rafi which won ten seats in the Knesset. After the Six-Day War, Ben-Gurion was in favour of returning all the occupied territories apart from Jerusalem, the Golan Heights and Mount Hebron.
In 1968, when Rafi merged with Mapai to form the Alignment, Ben-Gurion refused to reconcile with his old party. He favoured electoral reforms in which a constituency-based system would replace what he saw as a chaotic proportional representation method. He formed another new party, the National List, which won four seats in the 1969 election. Ben-Gurion retired from politics in 1970 and spent his last years living in a modest home on the kibbutz.
Ben-Gurion is buried alongside his wife Paula at a site in Midreshet Ben-Gurion in the Negev desert.
1886. október 16-án született a cári Oroszország által irányított lengyelországi Plonskban. Apja az Avigdor Green által alapított modern chéderbe, azaz zsidó elemi iskolába járt.

Ben Guriont ma is hatalmas tisztelet övezi Izraelben. Sokak szerint nélküle nem így alakult volna Izrael első pár évtizede, vagy talán létre sem jött volna Izrael.

Már fiatal korában cionista ifjúsági társaságot alapított. 1904-ben utazott Varsóba, ahol a Poale Zion baloldali cionistákhoz csatlakozott. Itt nyilatkozott először az Ugandában létrehozandó zsidó álam tervével kapcsolatban: minden olyan felvetést ellenzett, ami egy Palesztinán kívüli zsidó állam megalapítását javasolta.

1906-ban alijázott (zarándokolt) Erec Jiszraelbe (Izrael); 1910-ig mezőgazdasági munkásként dolgozott Júdeában, majd északon Galileában. Ugyanebben az évben vett részt a Cion ramlei konferenciáján, ahol egy pártplatformot hoztak létre. Itt már felemelte hangját a Poale Cion programmal szemben, és hangsúlyozta, hogy milyen fontos a Palesztina-központúság. A héber nyelvet részesítette előnyben a jiddissel szemben.

Az 1908-09-es ifjútörök forradalom felkeltette figyelmét, hiszen lehetőséget látott arra, hogy a zsidók is megtalálják helyüket egy modern államrendszerben. 1910-ben Jeruzsálembe költözött, ahol a párt „Az egység” című lapjának szerkesztője lett.

1911-ben Szalonikibe ment, ahol megtanult törökül, valamint helybeli zsidó munkáscsoportokkal épített ki kapcsolatot.

1912. nyarán beiratkozott a konstantinápolyi (ma Isztambul) egyetem jogi karára. Politikai karrierje egyre magasabbra ívelt: részt vett a XI. Bécsi cionista kongresszuson, ahol a vezető testületbe is beválasztották.

Az első világháború kitörésekor – félve a Palesztinából való kiutasítástól –, felvette az ottomán állampolgárságot. Erre bíztatta a palesztinai zsidó közösség többi polgárát is. Hiába, mert mindez nem sokat segített rajta, mivel Ahmed Jamal, a palesztinai és szíriai csapatok parancsnoka kijelentette, hogy a Poale Cion programja szemben áll az Ottomán Birodalom érdekeivel – Guriont tehát hamarosan száműzték.

Alexandriában találkozott Yosef Trumpeldorsal és Vladimír Jabotinskyvel, akik zsidó menekültek közül igyekeztek hadsereget toborozni a törökök ellen. Gurion a szervezkedés ellenében foglalt állást.

1918. elején javasolta, hogy szervezzenek az USA-ban zsidó légiót, mely a brit hadsereg kötelékében harcol az ekkor már csak részben török uralom alatt álló Palesztinában. Maga is jelentkezett, így visszatérhetett Palesztinába.

1919-ben létrejött az új munkáspárt, az Achdut Haavoda, aminek létrehozásában Ben Gurion is aktívan részt vett.

1921 és 1935 között főtitkára volt az általa is alapított Hisztadrut szakszervezetnek. 1930-ban egyesült az Achdut Ha’avoda és a Hapoel Hacair, amiből létrejött a Mapai, vagyis az Erec Jiszraeli Munkások Pártja, melynek Gurion lett a vezetője.

Tisztségében “kétfrontos” harcot kellett vívnia: egyfelől saját pártjának baloldali szélsőségeivel, a dogmatikus marxistákkal, akik a proletárforradalmat hirdették, másfelől pedig a jobboldali cionistákkal, és azok radikális elképzeléseivel. Ben Gurion mindig síkra szállt azért, hogy csak zsidók végezhessenek fizikai munkát Palesztinában, ugyanakkor az osztályharcot nem tartotta alkalmazható eszköznek addig, míg ki nem épül a zsidó társadalom teljes vertikuma, illetve osztályviszonyai. Éppen ezért nem utasította el a tőke részvételét az ország felépítésében.

1937-ig, egészen a Peel-féle brit felosztási tervig ellenezte a revizionisták azon cionista mozgalmát, ami a britek ellenében teremtett volna zsidó államot, ugyanakkor lemondott volna Erec Jiszrael zsidó többségéről.

1934. októberében a békülés jegyében megegyezett Vladimír Jabotinsky-val, a revizionisták vezetőjével, de 1935-ben a párt többi tagja azonban referendumban utasította el a megegyezést.

1935 és 1943 között a Jewish Agency executivája, vagyis a Végrehajtó Bizottság elnöke volt Palesztinában. Támogatta a Peel Bizottságnak az ország felosztására vonatkozó javaslatait, ezért 1939-ben részt vett a zsidó delegáció munkájában, a londoni kerekasztal-konferencián.

Ben Guriont mélyen felháborította a britek által létrehozott Fehér Könyv, de a háború kapcsán mégiscsak azt a kijelentést tette, hogy: „úgy kell harcolni az anticionista Fehér Könyv ellen Anglia oldalán, mintha a Fehér Könyv nem is létezne.”

Gurion felismerte, hogy a britek nem akarják végrehajtani a Palesztinai Mandátumot is tartalmazó Balfour-deklaráció határozatait, ezért új céljának a zsidó állam kikiáltását tekintette.
1942-ben egyik megalkotója volt a zsidó államszövetség létrehozását tervbe vevő Biltmore-i Programnak. Mivel a brit munkáspárti kormány a háború után is a Fehér Könyv politikáját akarta folytatni, Ben Gurion jóváhagyta a jisuv vezetőinek britekkel szembeni fegyverkezését, ami a bevándorlás segítését is jelentette. Ekkor ugyanis a jórészt koncentrációs táborokból Palesztinába menekülő zsidók hajóit visszafordították, vagy a ciprusi táborokba zárták utazóit. Ben Gurion ellenezte az Irgun Cvai Leumi (Écel) és a Lohamei Herut Jiszrael (Lehi) zsidó szervezetek britek ellen irányuló merényleteit, de végül mégis beleegyezett abba, hogy a Hagana jisuv katonai erő a Lehivel és az Écellel együtt brit katonai célpontokat támadjon. Válaszul a britek letartóztatták az Executiva és a Hagana vezetőit, akiket azonban nem sokkal később szabadon engedtek. Ben Gurion több nemzetközi fórumon is bírálta a britek politikáját: például 1946-ban az Angol-Amerikai Vizsgálóbizottság, illetve 1947-ben az UNSCOP előtt (ENSZ Speciális Bizottság Palesztináról - United Nations Special Committee on Palestine).
Többek között Gurion az 1946-os cionista kongresszuson való aktív szereplése miatt szavazták le Chaim Weizmann, a Cionista Világszervezet vezetőjének további kerekasztal-tárgyalások kezdeményezésére vonatkozó javaslatát.

Palesztinába való visszatérése után új feladatának a Hagana felkészítését tartotta, főként a fegyveres arab konfliktusokra. A két nép közötti, és a britekkel szembeni feszültség csúcspontja az 1946. július 22-én a palesztinai brit főhadiszállás, a King David Hotel ellen elkövetett, 91 halálos áldozatot követelő robbantás volt. Ez nagyban hozzájárult az ENSZ 1947-es közgyűlésére kidolgozott és beterjesztett, Palesztinát érintő rendezési tervhez. A fentiek alapján egy arab és egy izraeli állam jött volna létre, míg Jeruzsálem a konfliktusok elkerülése végett ENSZ-igazgatás alá került volna. Bár a közgyűlés 33 igen, 13 nem és 10 tartózkodás mellett elfogadta (köztük a későbbi miniszterelnök David Ben Gurion is Izrael nevében), a rendezés azóta sem valósult meg, mivel a nemmel szavazó Arab liga államai nem voltak hajlandók elfogadni a döntést. A szinte azonnal kitört lázongások és összecsapások egy kvázi-polgárháborúba sodorták Palesztinát, melyet a britek (rájuk nézve példátlan) szó nélküli kivonulása, s ezzel az egykori brit gyarmat mintegy magára hagyása teljes anarchiába sodort. Még azon a napon, amikor az utolsó brit katona is hajóra szállt (1948. május 14.), David Ben Gurion kikiáltotta a szabad és független Ciont, azaz Izrael államát, amelyet azonnal megtámadtak az őt körülvevő arab államok, kirobbantva az első arab-izraeli háborút. [2]

Ben Gurion lett az ideiglenes kormány miniszterelnöke és védelmi minisztere, valamint ugyanezeket a pozíciókat töltötte be az 1949-ben létrejött kormányban is, egészen az 1953-as decemberi (első) visszavonulásáig, amikor is Sde Bokerban, egy Beer Sevától délre fekvő kibucban telepedett le.

1955. februárjában felkérték, hogy csatlakozzon Mashe Sarett kormányához védelmi miniszterként. 1963. júniusáig a kormány feje és védelmi minisztere lett, ami után végleg visszavonult. Bár a zsidó állam külpolitikáját a védelemnek óhajtotta szentelni, az 1956-os sínai háborúban Izrael agresszorként lépett fel Egyiptommal szemben. Az offenzívát támogatandó, az ötvenes években jó viszonyt épített ki a francia vezetőkkel, illetve a Német Szövetségi Köztársaság (NSZK) kancellárjával, Konrad Adenauerrel is.

1961-ben a Knesszetet (izraeli parlament) feloszlatták. 1963. június 17-én jelentette be lemondását, majd végleg visszavonult Sde Bokerba, mégis aktívan részt vett az izraeli politikai életben. Ben Gurion és szimpatizánsai úgy döntöttek, hogy új pártot alapítanak. Az új párt neve Resimat Poale Jiszrael (Rafi), vagyis Izraeli Dolgozók Listája lett. Pár év múlva a Rafi feloszlott, majd újra egyesült a Mapai-jal. Ben Gurion azonban egyedül, pártonkívüli képviselőként dolgozott tovább a Knesszetben 1973. december 1-jén bekövetkezett haláláig.

2008. december 21., vasárnap

Chag Chanuka Sameach! Happy Hanukkah! Boldog Hanukát!

It is time to celebrate! Enjoy every minutes of the eight days of the Festival of Light. We wish happy Hanukkah for You dear readers!



Itt az ünneplés ideje! Élvezzétek ki a Fény Fesztivál nyolc napjának minden percét! Nagyon boldog Hanukát kívánunk minden kedves olvasónknak!

Ralph Lauren

Ralph Lauren (born Ralph Lifshitz on October 14, 1939) is an American fashion designer and business executive. He is most notable for his Polo Ralph Lauren clothing brand.

Ralph Lauren was born Ralph Rueben Lifshitz in The Bronx to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Belarus: Fraydl (Kotlar) and Frank Lifshitz, a house painter.

From a young age he started working after school to earn money to buy suits. The four-year younger Calvin Klein, lived in the same Bronx neighborhood but it is not known if they ever met while living there.

Lauren attended the Salanter Academy Jewish Day School followed by MTA (now known as the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy), before eventually graduating from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1957.[citation needed] In MTA Lauren was known by his classmates for selling ties to his fellow students. In his Clinton yearbook he stated under his picture that he wanted to be a millionaire.[citation needed] Other notables who attended this school include Burt Lancaster, Robert Klein, and Stan Lee. At age 16, Ralph's brother Jerry changed their last name from Lifshitz to Lauren (his brother Lenny retained the name Lifshitz for many years). During the summers, Lauren attended Camp Roosevelt (Monticello)[2].

He went to Baruch College (of the City University of New York) where he studied business, although he dropped out after two years. From 1962 to 1964 he served in the United States Army. After his discharge in 1968, he married Ricky Low-Beer. He did not attend fashion school, but worked for Brooks Brothers as a salesman. In 1967, with the financial backing of Norman Hilton, Lauren opened a necktie store where he also sold ties of his own design, under the label "Polo". He later purchased the name from Hilton. Lauren has since grown his fashion empire into a billion-dollar business.

In 1970 Ralph Lauren won the City Award for his menswear line created exclusively for teen heartthrob Andrew McLean. Around that same time he released a line of women's suit that were tailored in a classic men's style, which was when the first Polo emblem was seen. It was on the cuff of the women's suit. Ralph Lauren released Polo's famous short sleeve mesh shirt with the Polo logo in 1972. It came out in 24 colors. It became an overnight classic. He also gained recognition for his design after he was contracted to provide clothing styles for the movie The Great Gatsby.

In 1984 he transformed the Rhinelander Mansion, former home of the photographer Edgar de Evia and Robert Denning, into the flagship store for Polo Ralph Lauren. This same year de Evia photographed the cover feature story for House & Garden on the Lauren home Round Hill in Jamaica[3], which had formerly been the home of Babe and Bill Paley.

Sometime in early 1987, Lauren was diagnosed with a benign brain tumor. In April of that year, he underwent surgery to remove the tumor, and made a full recovery.[5]

On June 11, 1997, Polo Ralph Lauren became a public company, traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RL.

Ralph and his wife, Ricky, have two sons and a daughter: Andrew Lauren (b. 1969 in New York City, New York), David Lauren (b. 1971) and Dylan Lauren (b. May 1974 in New York City). David is an executive at Polo Ralph Lauren and Dylan owns and operates an upscale candy store, Dylan's Candy Bar, at 59th Street and Third Avenue in Manhattan. Ricky appeared on the television show Martha on December 10th 2006 and stated that her son Andrew is in the "movie business".

In 2003, Lauren's nephew Greg Lauren announced his engagement to actress Elizabeth Berkley. Lauren designed and created outfits for the entire wedding party (including Berkley's wedding dress) to wear. Berkley wore a silk sheath dress with pearled spaghetti straps while Lauren wore a white tuxedo jacket and a black bow tie.

Lauren is the subject of several biographies (written by Jeffrey Trachtenberg, Michael Gross and Colin MacDowell).
Lauren is also well known as a collector of classic automobiles. His cars have won best in show at the prestigious Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance multiple times. His collection was recently displayed at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

By 2007 Ralph Lauren had over 35 boutiques in United States. There were 23 locations that carried Ralph Lauren Purple Label, including Atlanta, Beverly Hills, Boston, Charlotte, Wisconsin Avenue, Chicago, Costa Mesa, Dallas Denver, Honolulu, Houston, Las Vegas, Manhasset, New York, Palm Beach, Palo Alto, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco, Short Hills, Troy, Orlando, Florida, Naples Florida, and Washington DC.
A bronx-i születésű Ralph Lauren, már negyven éve a divatszakma egyik legkiemelkedőbb szakembere. Eddigi karrierje alatt számos sikereket ért el, elismert tervező a szakmában. Újabb megmérettetés elé néz, mivel a wimbledoni teniszversenyzőknek ő lesz az első divattervezője. Ralph Lauren divatcége szerződést kötött az All England Club-bal 2010-ig, melyben megállapodtak, hogy ő lesz Wimbledon hivatalos és kizárólagos divatguruja. Az angol tenisz 129 éves történelme során, ő az első divattervező, akit felkértek erre a feladatra. Ralph már neki is látott a tervezésnek, tiszteletben tartva az angol tenisz történelmi hátterét, és hagyományait, a korábbi megszokott wibledon-i öltözködési stílust akarja megtartani egy kicsit modernebb és divatosabb változatban.

2008. december 20., szombat

A famous jew from the Vulcan - Leonard Simon Nimoy

Leonard Simon Nimoy (born March 26, 1931) is an American actor, film director, poet, musician and photographer. He is best known for playing the character of Spock on Star Trek, an American television series that ran for three seasons from 1966 to 1969, in addition to reprising the role in several movie sequels.

Nimoy was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants from Izyaslav, Ukraine. His father, Max Nimoy, owned a barbershop. His mother, Dora (Spinner) Nimoy, was a homemaker.[5][6] Nimoy began acting at the age of 8. His first major role was Ralphie in Clifford Odets's "Awake and Sing," at 17.[7] He studied photography at UCLA, but left before completing his degree. He graduated from Boston College in 1953, and has an MA in Education and an honorary doctorate from Antioch University in Ohio.
Nimoy spent much of his early career doing small parts in B-movies, TV shows such as Dragnet, and serials such as Republic Pictures' Zombies of the Stratosphere. In 1961, he had a minor role in The Twilight Zone episode "A Quality of Mercy".
Nimoy served in the U.S. Army Reserve, being discharged in November 1955 as a sergeant. According to the National Archives and Records Administration, Nimoy's U.S. Army service record was destroyed in the 1973 National Archives Fire.
Nimoy's most famous role is the half-Vulcan, half-human Spock from Star Trek: The Original Series, which ran from 1966 to 1969. He earned three Emmy nominations for playing this character.
As a foretaste of what was to come, Nimoy and William Shatner (who would go on to play Spock's commanding officer, Captain James T. Kirk) found themselves on the opposite side of the Iron Curtain in the 1964 episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E., "The Project Strigas Affair". With his saturnine looks, Nimoy was predictably the villain, with Shatner playing a reluctant U.N.C.L.E. recruit. Nimoy went on to reprise Spock's character in a voice-over role in Star Trek: The Animated Series, in two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and in six Star Trek motion pictures featuring the original cast. He will perform an older Spock in the upcoming Star Trek movie directed by J. J. Abrams.
Before his success in Star Trek, Nimoy had acted in more than 50 movies or television shows. Although most of these were popular TV shows, he also appeared in The Balcony, an adaptation of a play by Jean Genet. Following the cancellation of the original Star Trek series, Nimoy immediately joined the cast of the spy series Mission: Impossible, which was seeking a replacement for Martin Landau. Nimoy was cast as an IMF agent who was an ex-magician/ make-up expert, "The Great Paris." He played the role from 1969 to 1971, on the fourth and fifth seasons of the show. (As noted by Patrick White in The Complete Mission: Impossible Dossier, Landau had been an early choice to play Spock.) It was during the run of the show that Nimoy fell ill with a stomach ulcer.
He co-starred with Yul Brynner and Richard Crenna in the Western movie Catlow (1971). Nimoy also appeared in various made for television films in this period, such as Assault On The Wayne (1970), Baffled (1972), The Alpha Caper (1973), The Missing Are Deadly (1974), Seizure: The Story Of Kathy Morris (1980), Marco Polo (1982) and he received an Emmy award nomination for best supporting actor for the TV film A Woman Called Golda (1982). Nimoy played other guest roles in a number of TV series including Bonanza, Get Smart, The Outer Limits, Combat!, Perry Mason, Night Gallery & Columbo. He played a murderous doctor and was one of the few criminals at whom Columbo ever really became angry. In the late 1970s, he hosted and narrated the television series In Search of..., which investigated paranormal or unexplained events or subjects. He also has a memorable character part as a mad scientist-type New Age psychologist in Philip Kaufman's remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers. It was during this time that Nimoy won acclaim for a series of stage roles as well. He has appeared in such plays as Vincent, Fiddler On The Roof, The Man in the Glass Booth, Oliver!, Six Rms Riv Vu, Full Circle, Camelot, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, The King And I, Caligula, The Four Poster, Twelfth Night, Sherlock Holmes, Equus and My Fair Lady. When a new Star Trek series was planned in the late 1970s, Nimoy was to be in only two out of every eleven episodes, but when the show was elevated to a feature film, he agreed to reprise his role.
After directing a few television show episodes, Nimoy broke into film directing in 1984 with the successful third installment of the Star Trek film series (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock). Nimoy would go on to direct the most successful (critically and financially) film in the franchise to date, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) and move beyond the Trek universe with Three Men and a Baby, the highest grossing film of 1987. Nimoy also did occasional work as a voice actor in animated feature films including the character of Galvatron in The Transformers: The Movie in 1986 and The Pagemaster in 1994.
Nimoy has written two autobiographies. The first was called I Am Not Spock (1977) and was controversial, as many fans[who?] incorrectly assumed that Nimoy was distancing himself from the Spock character. However, Nimoy's stated intention[citation needed] was to remind the public at large that Spock and Nimoy were not the same person. In the book, Nimoy conducts dialogues between himself and Spock.
His second autobiography was I Am Spock (1995), and the title was meant[citation needed] to communicate that he finally realized his years of portraying the Spock character had led to a much greater identification between the fictional character and the real person. Nimoy had much input into how Spock would act in certain situations, and conversely, Nimoy's contemplation of how Spock acted gave him cause to think about things in a way that he never would have thought if he had not portrayed this character. As such, in this autobiography Nimoy maintains that in some meaningful sense, he really is now Spock, and Spock is he, while at the same time maintaining the distance between fact and fiction.
Nimoy has also written several volumes of poetry, some published along with a number of his photographs. His latest effort is entitled A Lifetime of Love: Poems on the Passages of Life (2002). His poetry can be found in the Contemporary Poets index of The HyperTexts.[8] In the mid 1970s Nimoy wrote and starred in a one man play called Vincent based on the play Van Gogh by Phillip Stephens.
In 1995, Nimoy was involved in the production of Primortals, a comic book series published by Tekno Comix that involved a first contact situation with aliens that had arisen from discussion between him and Isaac Asimov. There was a novelization by Steve Perry.



During and following Star Trek, Nimoy also released five albums of vocal recordings on Dot Records, including Trek-related songs such as "Highly Illogical", and cover versions of popular tunes, such as Proud Mary. The albums were extremely popular and resulted in numerous live appearances and promotional record signings that attracted crowds of fans in the thousands. The early recordings were produced by Charles Grean, who may be best known as the composer of "Quentin's Theme" for the mid-sixties goth soap opera, Dark Shadows. These recordings are generally regarded as unintentionally camp, though his tongue-in-cheek performance of "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins" received a fair amount of airplay when Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings films were released.
In addition to his own music career he directed a 1985 music video for The Bangles' "Going Down to Liverpool". He makes a brief cameo appearance in the video as their driver. This came about because his son Adam Nimoy (now a frequent television director) was a friend of Bangles lead singer Susanna Hoffs from college.
He released a version of country music legend Johnny Cash's song I Walk the Line.
Nimoy appeared in Hearts of Space program number 142 - "Whales alive".
Starting in 1994, Nimoy began to narrate the Ancient Mysteries series on A&E including "The Sacred Water of Lourdes" and "The Last Days of the Romanovs". He also appeared in advertising in the United Kingdom for the computer company Time Computers in the late 1990s. He had a central role in Brave New World (film), a 1998 TV-movie version of Aldous Huxley's novel where he played a character wonderfully reminiscent of Spock in his philosophical balancing of unpredictable human qualities with the need for control. Nimoy has also appeared in several popular television series--including Futurama and The Simpsons--as both himself and Spock.
In 2003, he announced his retirement from acting in order to concentrate on his photography, such as his recent exhibit for nude pictures of BBW women and models, but has subsequently appeared in several popular television commercials with William Shatner for Priceline.com. He also appeared in a commercial for Aleve, an arthritis pain medication, which aired during the 2006 Super Bowl. Nimoy also provided a comprehensive series of voiceovers for the 2005 computer game Civilization IV. He also did the TV series Next Wave where he interviewed people about technology. He is the host in the documentary film The Once and Future Griffith Observatory currently running in the Leonard Nimoy Event Horizon Theater located at the recently reopened Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, California. In January 2007, he granted an interview to Fat free film where he discussed his early career and the benefits of being typecast.[9]
On July 26, 2007, it was revealed at Comic-Con that Nimoy would return to reprise his famous role as Spock one more time in the upcoming movie Star Trek, while Zachary Quinto will play his younger self.[10]
On November 9, 2008 he narrarated "Shining Through the Broken Glass: A Concert to Commemorate Kristallnacht".
Nimoy has long been active in the Jewish community. As a teen he was active in BBYO, the Jewish youth organization; he won their award for distinguished alumni.[citation needed] He speaks and reads Yiddish. One of his better-known roles was that of Tevye the milkman, in the musical Fiddler on the Roof, based on the series of short stories by Yiddish author Sholom Aleichem. In 1997, he narrated the documentary A Life Apart: Hasidism in America, about the various sects of Hasidic Orthodox Jews. In October 2002 Nimoy published The Shekhina Project, a photographic study exploring the feminine aspect of God's presence, inspired by Kabbalah (esoteric Jewish mysticism). His photographs, which show nude women draped in tefillin (phylacteries), which are typically worn by Jewish males, aroused considerable controversy in the Jewish community.[citation needed]
Nimoy has been married twice. In 1954, he married actress Sandra Zober, whom he divorced in 1987. He had two children with her, director Adam Nimoy and Julie Nimoy, who both appear in an Oldsmobile commercial, with the famous tagline, "This is not your father's Oldmobile". In 1988, he married actress Susan Bay, who is the aunt of director Michael Bay.[11]
Nimoy introduced the Vulcan nerve pinch in an early TOS episode ("The Enemy Within") where Spock was supposed to KO the evil Kirk in the Engineering room. He suggested the "pinch" as a non-violent alternative. Nimoy also devised the Vulcan Salute - a raised hand, palm forward with the fingers parted between the middle and ring finger - based on the traditional kohanic blessing, which is performed with both hands, thumb to thumb in this position: a position thought to represent the Hebrew letter shin (ש). (This letter is often used as a symbol of God in Judaism, as it is an abbreviation for one of God's names, Shakkai. This usage is seen, for example, on every mezuzah.) Nimoy says he derived the accompanying spoken blessing, "Live long and prosper" from this source, as the last phrase of the blessing is "May the Lord be forebearing unto you and give you peace" (Numbers 6:24-26).[12] Nimoy was asked to read the verses as part of his narration for Civilization IV.
A political liberal, Nimoy recently contributed the maximum $2,300 to Barack Obama's 2008 US presidential campaign.
Leonard Simon Nimoy (1931. március 26.) amerikai színész, filmrendező, énekes, költő és fotóművész. Leginkább a Star Trek-beli szerepéről híres (ő alakította Spockot).

Nimoy Bostonban született ukrán származású zsidó szülők gyermekeként. Nyolcéves kora óta játszott színdarabokban, filmszerepben húszéves korában, 1951-ben tűnt fel először, a Queen For A Day című filmben. 1952-ben kapta az első főszerepét a Kid Monk Baroni-ban.
1964-ben kapta meg a félig ember, félig vulcani Csillagflotta-tiszt, Mr. Spock szerepét a Star Trekben. A sorozat 1966 és 1969 között futott, ezalatt Nimoyt háromszor jelölték Emmy-díjra.
A Star Trek tévésorozat vége után Nimoy egy kémet (Paris) alakított a Mission Impossible című sorozatban, mely 1969 és 1971 között ment, majd egy western következett, a Catlow, melyben Yul Brynnerrel szerepelt együtt. 1973-ban rövid időre újra Mr. Spock lett, bár ezúttal csak a hangjára volt szükség, a Star Trek folytatásaként készült rajzfilmsorozatnak azonban hamarosan vége szakadt. Ezenkívül több filmben is szerepelt, a színpadon is sikereket aratott többek között a Hegedűs a háztetőn, A király és én és a Sherlock Holmes, Tennessee Williams: A vágy villamosa, Macska a forró bádogtetőn, Loewe: My Fair Lady, Shaffer: Equus, Kesey: Száll a kakukk fészkére, Bart: Oliver! című darabokban. A Vincent című egyszemélyes darabot Vincent van Gogh levelei alapján írta Nimoy és évekig játszotta színpadon nagy sikerrel. Egy különleges jelenségekkel foglalkozó műsor házigazdája és narrátora is volt (In Search Of…). Lemezei is jelentek meg, melyeken Star Trekkel kapcsolatos dalokat és népszerű dalok feldolgozásait énekelte.
Számos sikere ellenére az emberek még mindig legsikeresebb szerepével azonosították, amivel ő egyre kevésbé volt kibékülve. 1977-ben megjelent önéletrajzi írása, az I Am Not Spock (Nem vagyok Spock), amit rajongói értetlenül fogadtak. Ezzel némileg ellentétben állt, hogy ekkor már készülődött a szerep felújítására egy tervezett új Star Trek-sorozatban, melyet végül is nem forgattak le, helyette a Star Trek megjelent a mozivásznon. 1979-ben, a Csillagösvény (Star Trek: The Motion Picture) című filmben Spock, miután megpróbál szakítani csillagflottás múltjával, végül visszatér az Enterprise fedélzetére. 1982-ben, mintegy kísérletképpen arra, hogy végleg leszámoljon a szereppel, Spock a Star Trek II: Khan haragja című filmben hősi halált hal. Nimoy később megbánta a döntést, és a Star Trek III: Spock nyomában című filmben Spock feltámad. Ez az első mozifilm, amelyet Nimoy rendezett. A következő Star Trek filmet szintén ő rendezte, aztán átengedte a helyet William Shatnernek.
1982-ben Emmy-díjat kapott egy Golda Meirről szóló filmben, mint legjobb mellékszereplő, 1987-ben pedig ő rendezte a Három férfi és egy bébi című filmet (a hasonló című francia vígjáték amerikai feldolgozását). Ezt leszámítva a nyolcvanas évek is a Star Trek jegyében teltek, Nimoy szerepelt mind a hat filmben, mely az első Enterprise űrhajó legénységéről szólt (a hetedikre is felkérték, de visszautasította, mivel ebben már nem fontos szerepet játszott volna, jóformán csak a nevét használták volna reklámként). Emellett a Star Trek: Az új nemzedék két epizódjában is vendégszerepelt. 1991-ben készült el a Soha ne felejts (Never Forget) című filmje, amelyben egy magyarországi (munkácsi) származású zsidó férfit alakít, aki túlélte a koncentrációs tábort és Amerikában harcolni kényszerült a törvény előtt a holokauszt-tagadókkal. A film megtörtént eseményt dolgoz fel. Jelentősebb szerepei még: a Marco Polo című minisorozatban Achmet, a Hemingway írásából készült Sun Also Rises, a bibliai témájú David, amelyben Sámuel prófétát játssza. 1995-ben megjelent második önéletrajza, az I Am Spock (Én vagyok Spock), melyben megbékél azzal, hogy Spockkal azonosítják, és rájön, mennyire az élete részévé vált a szerep.
Nimoy aktív szerepet vállal a zsidó közösség életében, a reformjudaizmus híve. Kétszer nősült, első felesége Sandi Zober színésznő (1954-től 1987-es válásukig), a második pedig Susan Bay (1988-tól). Első házasságából két gyermeke született, Julie és Adam, aki filmrendezőként apja nyomdokaiba lépett.
2002 szeptemberében Nimoy bejelentette, hogy visszavonul a filmiparból.
Nimoy ötletein alapul a Star Trek-beli vulcani nép két jellegzetessége, a köszönés („Hosszú és eredményes életet”) és az ezt kísérő kézjel (ami először az eredeti sorozat második évadjának nyitóepizódjában látható, és egy áldáshoz használt kéztartáson alapul, amit Nimoy gyermekként látott a zsinagógában), valamint a vulcani idegfogás (amellyel az ellenfél elkábítható; Nimoy úgy érezte, a szereplőhöz nem illik az erőszak, és egy olyan jelenethez találta ki az idegfogást, melyben eredetileg karateütéssel kellett volna legyőznie ellenfelét).
Nimoy vegetáriánus, akárcsak Spock.
Fia, Adam rendezte a Végtelen határok-nak azt a részét, amelyben Nimoy szerepel.
Nimoy kiváló fotóművész, kiállításai is vannak. 2002-ben jelent meg Shekhina című albuma, amely a zsidó hagyománnyal, misztikával kapcsolatos művészi fotóinak gyűjteménye. Emellett több verseskötete is megjelent.
1966-ban a Star Trek első évadjáért epizódonként 1250 dollár volt a fizetése.
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